Voltammetric behavior of sedative drug midazolam at glassy carbon electrode in solubilized systems

Abstract

Redox behavior of midazolam was studied at a glassy carbon electrode in various buffer systems, supporting electrolytes and pH using differential pulse, square-wave and cyclic voltammetry. Based on its reduction behavior, a direct differential pulse voltammetric method has been developed and validated for the determination of midazolam in parenteral dosage. Three well-defined peaks were observed in 0.1% SLS, Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer of pH 2.5. The effect of surfactants like sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and Tween 20 was studied. Among these surfactants SLS showed significant enhancement in reduction peak. The cathodic peak currents were directly proportional to the concentration of midazolam with correlation coefficient of 0.99.

Simultaneous monitoring of anesthetics and therapeutic compounds with a portable multichannel potentiostat

“…All the data from electrochemical acquisitions for all the considered analytes have been shown. More in general, since other anesthetics, such as midazolam and fentanyl are detectable by direct CV [24], [25], this architecture, proved here for propofol monitoring, will be also used for them. Hence, an important step to realize monitoring of anesthetics during surgery and monitoring of therapeutic compounds in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) is achieved.…”

An Overview on Total Analytical Methods for the Detection of 1,4-Benzodiazepines

“…Considering the benefits of a high pH mobile phase on both chromatography and mass spectrometry, its use should be encouraged [47]. The reason for using tandem mass spectrometry is to increase limits of detection without the need for chemical derivatization [63]. Online extraction LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitative confirmation of benzodiazepines and metabolites in urine [28,64] and in hair [65].…”

“…The additions-dilution solid-state electrochemical method, based on the voltammetry of microparticles approach, permits quantify, via standard additions methodology, 1,4-benzodiazepine in formulations with no need of sample dissolution using dilution with a reference electroactive compound [140]. Based on reduction behavior, a direct differential pulse voltammetric method has been developed and validated for the determination of midazolam in parenteral dosage [63]. an analytical method based on adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (AdCSV) for the simultaneous determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines was developed using a hanging mercury drop electrode as a working electrode and Ringer buffer (pH 10.0) as a supporting electrolyte [141].…”

QuEChERS extraction of benzodiazepines in biological matrices

“…All benzodiazepines share the same mechanism of action, which is the modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake; the principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain [2] , [5] , [6] , [7] . Once bound, the benzodiazepine locks the GABA receptor into a conformation with much higher affinity for the neurotransmitter and enhances ion conduction, resulting in the reduction of neural excitability [2] .…”