Voltammetric Determination of Diazepam on Antimony Film Screen- Printed Electrode in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Abstract

Background: Diazepam belongs to the group of 1,4-benzodiapines. It is used for the treatment of anxiety, convulsions and as a muscle relaxant. The presence of 4,5-azomethine group enables its electrochemical detection Introduction: A screen-printed electrode modified with antimony film was used for the determination of diazepam in pharmaceutical preparations Methods: Electrode modification was done by ex-situ deposition of antimony on commercially available screen-printed electrode. Parameters affecting the electroanalytical response of the sensor, such as deposition potential, deposition time, and antimony concentration, were examined and optimized. The modified electrode showed enhanced electroactivity for diazepam reduction compared to unmodified electrode. Under optimal conditions, linear sweep voltammetry was used for the determination of analyte Results: The sensor showed linear dependence in the range from 0.5 to 10 μmol/L, the correlation coefficient was 0.9992. The limit of detection was 0.33 μmol/L, corresponding limit of quantification was 1.08 μmol/L. Modification enabled determination of diazepam in the presence of oxygen. Conclusion: The modified electrode was used for the determination of diazepam in tablets. Results confirmed the applicability of the electrochemical sensor

Powerful Analytical Platform for Diazepam Determination in Pharmaceuticals and Alcoholic Drinks Based on Batch Injection Analysis Coupled with Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry

“…analyses and portable equipment. While the LOD of 2.0 μM for DZP attained by the proposed platform may not reach the same levels as those observed in previously published electrochemical methods, 25,29,31,50,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]63 it has demonstrated adequacy for the determination of DZP in pharmaceuticals and alcoholic drinks purposely fortified with this drug. In these applications, the total amount of DZP is anticipated to exceed the LOD obtained in this study.…”

“…Comparison with other electroanalytical platforms.-Table IV illustrates the comparison between the proposed protocol and other electrochemical methods for DZP sensing. 25,27,29,31,50,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] The data in this table reveal that only two documented studies utilized miniaturized screen-printed electrodes, one with carbon material in differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric mode (DPAdSV) 27 and the other with an antimony film in LSV mode, 54 deviating from the conventional three-electrode system where individual electrodes are immersed separately into the analyzed solution. Furthermore, the most of electrochemical methods listed in Table IV employed chemically modified electrodes 29,31,54,55,[57][58][59][60][61]63 to amplify sensitivity and/or selectivity of DZP determination.…”

“…25,27,29,31,50,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] The data in this table reveal that only two documented studies utilized miniaturized screen-printed electrodes, one with carbon material in differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric mode (DPAdSV) 27 and the other with an antimony film in LSV mode, 54 deviating from the conventional three-electrode system where individual electrodes are immersed separately into the analyzed solution. Furthermore, the most of electrochemical methods listed in Table IV employed chemically modified electrodes 29,31,54,55,[57][58][59][60][61]63 to amplify sensitivity and/or selectivity of DZP determination. In addition, with the exception of one work that used flow injection analysis with differential pulse amperometry (FIA-DPA) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with the achieved LOD of 13.4 μM, 62 the majority of these methods involved the determination of DZP in a stationary system.…”

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

“…2019 a layered double hydroxide/poly(tyrosine) film for electrochemical determination of diazepam [ 79 ]; 2021 an electrode for voltammetric determination of diazepam in pharmaceutical formulations [ 80 ].…”