Voltammetric Insights in the Transfer of Ionizable Drugs Across Biomimetic Membranes - Recent Achievements

Abstract

Abstract:The latest results of voltammetric research on the ionic transfer process of ionisable drugs across bare and lipid-modified liquid-liquid interfaces are reviewed. In recent years, two voltammetric methods have been extensively applied to this purpose, i.e. the classical four electrode voltammetry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions, and the "three-phase electrode." Thus, a brief background of the methodologies and some successful examples of their application are highlighted in this work. Particular attention is given to the ionic transfer kinetics and to the electrochemical characterization of the drug-membrane interactions between the ionized drugs and lipid-modified interfaces. Future trends in this area are also mentioned in connection with high-throughput assessment of ADMET properties of drugs.

Applications of Electrochemistry at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces for Ionizable Drug Molecule Sensing

“…Thorough review articles on evaluating P of an ionizable drug experimentally using electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry can be found in the literature. 10,12,13) Such electrochemical lipophilicity investigations on drug ion transfer processes across the ITIES can provide an important insight for developing drug ion sensors. Nevertheless, only few reports are available for particularly ionizable drugs compared to the vast research efforts made on the use of ITIES for sensing of inorganic and also small organic ions.…”

“…The majority of ITIES studies on drug molecules have focused on understanding the lipophilicities of interest of drugs for pharmacokinetics via voltammetric investigations of differently charged drug species partitioned at a polarised ITIES. [9][10][11][12][13][14] Along with thermodynamic investigation of drugs at ITIES, these studies have provided important information and paved pathways for designing drug ion sensors. Therefore, this review will first introduce a short background of ion transfer reactions across a polarized ITIES followed by the construction of an interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions, which is the foundation of sensing platform developments.…”

Hydrophobicity‐aided potentiometric detection of catecholamines, beta‐agonists, and beta‐blockers in a mixed‐solvent capillary electrophoresis system

“…The apparent hydrophobicity log P app of charged organic molecules at the interface between water and PVC-based membrane can be determined from the following Nernstian equation, Eq. (3) [55]:…”

Voltammetric study of the partitioning of macrolide antibiotics at the water/nitrobenzene interface. Relationship to the pharmacokinetic profiling of macrolides

“…The interfaces nitrobenzene/water, as well as 1,2-dichloroethane/water are good models for biological membranes, since they enable the rapid and precise determination of the electrochemical properties of ionised biological molecules. Both interfaces have already been used to probe the transfer of ionic drug compounds [14][15][16][17][18].…”