Voltammetry of benzodiazepines on meniscus-modified silver solid amalgam electrode

Samiec, Petr; Navrátilová, Zuzana; Fischer, Jan

doi:10.1007/s00706-015-1594-5

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The second peak (−1.05 V) is due to C=N group, present in the form of a heterocyclic amine in the structure, common to the BDZs studied. The electrochemical process involved in the reduction of this active site involves the transfer of two electrons and two protons on the surface of the working electrode, as shown in Equation 2 .

true - normalC = normalN - normalR + Hg \to Hg [R - C = N - R]_{ads}

true Hg [R - C = N - R]_{ads} + 2 e^{-} + 2 H^{+} \to Hg + [R - CH - NH - R]

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As can be seen in Figure , the change of pH to basic conditions causes an increase of I p , as well as a negative shift of peak potential, to both BDZs, confirming the participation of H + in the electrochemical reaction. This behavior of BDZ was previously observed in other works . Indisputably, pH 8 is the best condition to CLO and hence this one was chosen for the follow‐up studies with the BDZ.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Diazepam and Clonazepam in Natural Water – a Voltammetric Study

2017

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The differential pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (DP-AdsCSV) employing the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) was used towards the determination of two psychotropic drugs in environmental samples. Voltammetric and experimental conditions to Clonazepam (CLO) and diazepam (DIAZ) were optimized and the methods were in-house validated. Accumulation potentials were À0.3 V to CLO and À0.6 V to DIAZ at 120 s of accumulation time. Pulse amplitude, pulse time and scan rate were 80 mV, 20 ms and 25 mV s À1to CLO and 100 mV, 20 ms and 40 mV s À1 to DIAZ, respectively. Recovery tests were done in three different concentrations to evaluate methods' accuracy and the results were from 88 AE 6 to 120 AE 13 %. In precision tests, standard deviations were lower than 15 % for both methods. Goods limits of quantification 0.65 and 0.27 mg L À1 to CLO and DIAZ respectively were achieved without pre-concentration steps such as SPE, etc. Voltammetry employing HMDE was first used for the determination of CLO and DIAZ in natural water. Natural samples were spiked and recovery tests confirmed the applicability of the methods developed. Nine samples from Parana state, Brazil, were analyzed and CLO and DIAZ values were below the limits of detection in all samples.

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true - normalC = normalN - normalR + Hg \to Hg [R - C = N - R]_{ads}

true Hg [R - C = N - R]_{ads} + 2 e^{-} + 2 H^{+} \to Hg + [R - CH - NH - R]

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Diazepam and Clonazepam in Natural Water – a Voltammetric Study

2017

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“…In spite of convenient application of HMDEs and modified carbonaceous electrodes in BDZs sensing, researchers are still forced to search the advanced and perspective electrode materials to be applied as sensitive electrochemical sensors, even without performing any surface modification and using toxic mercury electrodes. It is worth noting that the authors of the present work have recently demonstrated the use of meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode (m-AgSAE) as prospective electrode material for the quantification of selected BDZs with LODs of 10 −7 mol/L [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Electroanalytical methods represent financially unassuming, temporally efficient and sensitive tool for detection and determination of various structurally and biologically interesting substances [12,13]. The literature survey states that hanging mercury drop electrodes (HMDE) [14][15][16] and silver solid amalgam electrode (AgSAE) [17] have been applied to sensitive determination of several BDZs derivatives based on their electrochemical reduction. Besides, various chemically modified carbon-based electrodes such as glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) [18] and 3methylthiophene [19] as well as carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with MWCNT [20] and bentonite [21] have been exploited as mercury-free electrochemical platforms for quantifying BDZs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury-free and modification-free electroanalytical approach towards bromazepam and alprazolam sensing: A facile and efficient assay for their quantification in pharmaceuticals using boron-doped diamond electrodes

Samiec

Švorc

Stanković

et al. 2017

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

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“…Grupos nitro, amino, duplas e triplas ligações entre carbonos, etc., são centros eletroativos responsáveis pela resposta voltamétrica dos fármacos frente a aplicação de potencial. 101 Alguns mecanismos de reações envolvendo a redução eletroquímica de fármacos no HMDE estão listados na Tabela 2. foram estudados a fim de determinar a contaminação e persistência de defensivos utilizados nos cultivares. [109][110][111][112][113] Um método voltamétrico para a determinação do inseticida cifenotrina em formulações, vegetais e grãos foi desenvolvido por Kumar e Sreedhar.…”

Section: Determinação De Compostos Orgânicos Usando Hmdeunclassified

A Versatilidade Do Eletrodo De Gota Pendente De Mercúrio Em Química Analítica – Uma Revisão Sobre Recentes Aplicações

Nunes¹,

Anjos²,

Quináia³

2017

Quim. Nova

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THE VERSATILITY OF THE HANGING MERCURY DROP ELECTRODE IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY -A REVIEWABOUT RECENT APPLICATIONS. Voltammetry using mercury electrode as working electrode has been employed in the determination of organic and inorganic compounds in several samples. A review on the applications of this analytical tool is present, covering the period of the last ten years. The emphasis of this work is directed to the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), its advantages, disadvantages and applications. Voltammetric measurements are easily carried out, and present low cost. The review discusses that the use of mercury in the measurements can be a limitation due the toxicity of the element. However, nowadays the necessary of volume of Hg in the measurements is very small, and it can be reused. Thus, the correct disposal of the small amount of waste generated can be minimize environmental risks and human health, according to the principles of Green Chemistry.Keywords: applications; mercury electrode; review; voltammetry. INTRODUÇÃOTécnicas eletroquímicas têm sido usadas por muitos anos devido as suas características vantajosas, tais como elevada frequência analí-tica, simplicidade, baixo custo, capacidade de detecção em níveis de concentração baixa, resposta dependente das formas químicas de um mesmo elemento, análise de misturas, entre outras. Os primeiros estudos eletroquímicos iniciaram no século XVIII na Itália e evoluíram até os métodos atuais, envolvendo diversos tipos de eletrodos indicadores e de trabalho, como eletrodos sólidos, de mercúrio, ultramicroeletrodos, etc.1-4 Cada tipo de eletrodo desenvolvido possui vantagens e desvantagens intrínsecas. Eletrodos de trabalho sólidos, por exemplo, apresentam como vantagem a possibilidade de serem modificados, aumentando assim sua seletividade, além de possuírem diversas formas e tamanhos que ampliam sua aplicabilidade. Entretanto, processos de limpeza e polimento são comumente necessários devido ao envenenamento da superfície eletrolítica, que podem comprometer a reprodutibilidade de sua área superficial. O eletrodo de gota pendente de mercúrio, do inglês hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), por sua vez, por ser renovável apresenta excelente reprodutibilidade, uma superfície extremamente lisa e uniforme a cada gota. Além disso, um elevado sobrepotencial à redução de hidrogênio, uma ampla faixa negativa de potencial (de 0 a -2 V dependendo do eletrólito suporte) assim como a superfície reprodutível a cada gota, são vantagens deste eletrodo.5 Entretanto, o HMDE apresenta baixa resistência mecâni-ca, limitando suas aplicações, bem como relativa seletividade para compostos orgânicos, pode sofrer com interferências causadas por matéria orgânica dissolvida em amostras ambientais, estreita faixa de trabalho na região anódica, etc. Além disso, muitas discussões vêm sendo realizadas com relação à toxicidade do mercúrio e a necessidade de buscar materiais alternativos para o desenvolvimento de outros eletrodos de trabalho mais condizentes com os aspectos de Química Verde. ...

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Voltammetry of benzodiazepines on meniscus-modified silver solid amalgam electrode

Cited by 17 publications

References 52 publications

Determination of Diazepam and Clonazepam in Natural Water – a Voltammetric Study

Determination of Diazepam and Clonazepam in Natural Water – a Voltammetric Study

Mercury-free and modification-free electroanalytical approach towards bromazepam and alprazolam sensing: A facile and efficient assay for their quantification in pharmaceuticals using boron-doped diamond electrodes

A Versatilidade Do Eletrodo De Gota Pendente De Mercúrio Em Química Analítica – Uma Revisão Sobre Recentes Aplicações

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