Volume imaging NDE and serial sectioning of carbon fiber composites

Hakim, Issa; Schumacher, David; Sundar, Veeraraghavan; Donaldson, Steven L.; Creuz, Aline; Schneider, R.; Keller, J.; May, Daniel; Ras, Mohamad Abo; Meyendorf, Norbert

doi:10.1063/1.5031590

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…[101] A limitation of the XRR method is its inability to determine the depth information of the features within the object. [102] The equipment can be transported to the workplace using a portable system. There must be personnel measures to ensure that there is no radiation hazard.…”

Section: X-ray Radiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method allows for observing the intrinsic details of the object and detecting abnormalities (such as voids, flaws, cracks, and inclusions) that may be present within the object [101] . A limitation of the XRR method is its inability to determine the depth information of the features within the object [102] . The equipment can be transported to the workplace using a portable system.…”

Section: X‐ray Techniques For Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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X‐Ray Techniques Dedicated to Materials Characterization in Cultural Heritage

Magdy

2023

ChemistrySelect

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This article discusses the basic principles, methodological features, instrumental characteristics, and practical applications of X‐ray techniques in cultural heritage. X‐ray techniques are a set of well‐defined methods for determining the chemical composition and properties of samples. In the field of cultural heritage, material characterization provides valuable information on archaeological materials for understanding heritage assets and ensuring their sustainability. X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) is a versatile method for qualitative and semi‐quantitative elemental analysis. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) is a characterization method to define the properties of the crystal structure of materials. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a chemical tool for understanding the surface chemistry of materials. X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) is a powerful probe for determining the local atomic environment of individual atomic species. X‐ray imaging methods are used for visualization and examination of the objects under study, including X‐ray radiography (XRR) for the non‐destructive inspection of objects, X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) for revealing the internal structure of materials, and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for the diagnosis of bone health. X‐ray techniques represent key analytical techniques in archaeometric investigations and provide valuable insights into the cultural significance of artifacts.

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Section: X-ray Radiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: X‐ray Techniques For Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

X‐Ray Techniques Dedicated to Materials Characterization in Cultural Heritage

Magdy

2023

ChemistrySelect

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“…investigated a wider range of NDE techniques and compared them to serial sectioning results. 21–25 This approach revealed the following about each NDE technique: Thermography gives a general idea about the locations of porosity near the surface since porosity prevents thermal waves from going deeper in the sample. Ultrasonic methods detect porosity near the surface because back scattering and back reflection prevent ultrasonic waves from penetrating the sample. Radiography penetrates the entire thickness and reveals porosity; however it does not give any depth information about porosity. X-ray laminography gives about 100 hundred scan images through-the-thickness, which locates the depth of porosity detected by x-ray radiography; however, its major disadvantage is there are many artifacts. High-resolution X-ray CT is the best method for detecting and quantifying porosity since it produces 2400 clear scans through the sample’s thickness. The destructive method of serial sectioning exposes the composite’s internal structure and provides a very clear idea about the type, shape, size, distribution and location of the porosity contained in the composite material; however, damage and cracks are the most common defects during the serial sectioning process. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of various techniques for controlled void formation in fiberglass/epoxy composites

Klosterman

Hakim

Lach

2020

Journal of Composite Materials

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The effect of porosity in composite materials has been studied for years due to its deleterious effects on mechanical properties, especially matrix dominated properties. Currently there is an increasing use of composites in infrastructure worldwide, for example bridge components, residential and building structures, marine structures such as piers and docks, and large industrial chemical tanks. Most of these applications use fiberglass composites. Unfortunately, most of the published literature has focused on carbon fiber composites, in which fiber diameter and gas-fiber interactions are different than fiberglass composites. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to revisit the effect of porosity but specifically in fiberglass composites. The goal of this experimental study was to implement and evaluate various methods for creating porosity in fiberglass composites in a controlled manner in terms of obtaining repeatable void content, morphology, and location within the laminate. The various methods included using different amounts of autoclave pressure, adding a small amount of water between prepreg layers, and using dry fabric layers to starve the laminate of resin. Ultrasonic C-scan nondestructive evaluation was used to assess the quality of the cured panels, as well as optical and electron microscopy and void content measurements via resin burn-out. The cured panels were mechanically tested using the short beam shear (SBS) method. The results showed that the water spray method proved to be the best in terms of producing noticeably different levels of porosity, although the panels required drying to remove residual water after cure. The voids from all three techniques were either oval or elongated in-plane between the plies, but they were not uniformly distributed in-plane. The use of C-scan proved to be helpful for characterizing overall uniformity of each panel, although the results could not be used to directly compare void content between panels. The use of SBS testing was successful for evaluating void dominated properties in panels with high void content, although it was not very sensitive to coupons with lower void contents. Several interesting observations are offered in this manuscript of the fracture surface details and their relation to the SBS load deflection curves. Overall, it was found that the failure mechanisms were mixed mode and the voids did not serve as failure initiation sites. However, the voids participated mainly in the horizontal propagation of cracks between layers, presumably making it easier when they were intersected by a crack and reducing SBS strength.

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