Volume of the adrenal and pituitary glands in depression

Kessing, Lars Vedel; Willer, Inge Stoel; Knorr, Ulla

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.05.007

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In a recent review by Kessing and coworkers on adrenal gland volumes in depression three case-control studies were identified with a total of 89 depressed patients and 57 controls. All studies showed enlarged adrenal volume, although in the study by Amsterdam this observation failed to be significant (Amsterdam et al, 1987;Kessing et al, 2011;Nemeroff et al, 1992;Rubin et al, 1996). Adrenal gland volume may serve as a marker of hypercortisolism, and has been found to correlate positively with dexamethasone-suppressed salivary cortisol and total daily salivary cortisol among healthy individuals (Golden et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In detail, enlarged adrenal gland volume has been found in three case-control studies (Kessing et al, 2011), and most although not all cross-sectional studies have reported increased volumes of intra-abdominal adipose tissue in patients with major depression using imaging technology (Eskandari et al, 2005;Everson-Rose et al, 2009;Greggersen et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2011a,b;Krishnamurthy et al, 2008;Ludescher et al, 2008;Weber-Hamann et al, 2002;Williams et al, 2009). One study reported increased PAT in depression so far .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Adrenal gland volume, intra-abdominal and pericardial adipose tissue in major depressive disorder

Kahl

Schweiger

Pars

et al. 2015

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Adrenal gland volume, intra-abdominal and pericardial adipose tissue in major depressive disorder

Kahl

Schweiger

Pars

et al. 2015

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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“…Over-activity in the HPA axis is found in many people with depression, represented in increased levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol [17] and enlarged adrenal glands [18]. Studies have shown that patients with hypothyroidism may develop mild to severe depression [19] and that patients with major depression may have clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism with characteristic alterations in triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and TRH levels [18]. Depressive male patients may have low testosterone [20], and menopausal women may have depressed mood [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal/Thyroid Axes and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Patients with Primary Insomnia: A Clinical Research

Xia

Chen

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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The hypothalamus-pituitary-target gland axis is thought to be linked with insomnia, yet there has been a lack of further systematic studies to prove this. This study included 30 patients with primary insomnia (PI), 30 patients with depression-comorbid insomnia (DCI), and 30 healthy controls for exploring the alterations in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/thyroid axes’ hormones and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to evaluate sleep quality in all subjects. The serum concentrations of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), GnRH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), cortisol, total triiodothyronine (TT3), and total thyroxine (TT4) in the morning (between 0730 h and 0800 h) were detected. Compared to the controls, all hormonal levels were elevated in the insomniacs, except ACTH and TSH in the PI group. Compared to the DCI patients, the PI patients had higher levels of CRH, cortisol, TT3, and TT4 but lower levels of TRH, GnRH, and ACTH. Spearman’s correlation analysis indicated that CRH, TRH, GnRH, TSH, cortisol, TT4, and TT3 were positively correlated with the severity of insomnia. The linear regression analysis showed that only CRH, GnRH, cortisol, and TT3 were affected by the PSQI scores among all subjects, and only CRH was included in the regression model by the “stepwise” method in the insomnia patients. Our results indicated that PI patients may have over-activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/thyroid axes and an elevated level of GnRH in the morning.

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“…Alteration in HPA axis activity was reported to be common in dementia and progressive cognitive impairment [45][46][47][48]. Some previous studies reported similar HPA and HPT dysfunction in patients with depression [49][50][51][52], and the dysregulation of HPA axis activity was considered to be the hallmarks of major depression [53,54]. The correlation between serum levels of neuroendocrine hormones and cognitive functions showed significant negative effects of CRH, ACTH, cortisol, and TSH and positive effects of FT4 on cognitive function in patients with CTTH, and ACTH, and TSH appeared to be the independent hormones related to cognitive function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive performance in patients with chronic tension-type headache and its relation to neuroendocrine hormones

Kotb

Kamal

Almalki

et al. 2020

Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg

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Background: Tension-type headache is the most common headache to be seen in clinical practice. Depression is highly prevalent in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) patients attending the clinical settings. Cognitive impairment and neuroendocrine dysregulation had been reported in patients with depression and patients with CTTH. Objective: To assess the cognitive performance and investigate its possible relations to neuroendocrine levels in patients with CTTH. Subjects and methods: Patients with CTTH, depression, and control subjects were recruited. CTTH was diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Cognitive performance, depression severity, and pain intensity were assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Arabic version, Beck's Depression Inventory, and McGill Pain Questionnaire respectively. Blood samples were collected in the morning within 60 min after waking up from 8:00 to 9:00 a.m. to measure serum levels of basal plasma CRH, ACTH, Cortisol, TSH, FT3, and FT4. Results: Both patients with CTTH and depression had impaired cognitive performance. Patients with CTTH and patients with depression had altered the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, and pituitary-thyroid axis. The hormonal levels significantly correlated with cognitive function in patient groups, especially patients with CTTH. Conclusion: Patients with CTTH had cognitive dysfunction which could be related to neuroendocrine hormonal dysregulation.

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Volume of the adrenal and pituitary glands in depression

Cited by 45 publications

References 38 publications

Adrenal gland volume, intra-abdominal and pericardial adipose tissue in major depressive disorder

Adrenal gland volume, intra-abdominal and pericardial adipose tissue in major depressive disorder

Alterations in Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal/Thyroid Axes and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Patients with Primary Insomnia: A Clinical Research

Cognitive performance in patients with chronic tension-type headache and its relation to neuroendocrine hormones

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