“…activities, Takeda and Shobayashi (2015) suggested that the farmers' awareness of water conservation is likely to be influenced by the increase in cost and labor devoted to water control, which may discourage voluntary water-saving behaviors, especially in the case of large-scale farmers. This implies that, even if monetary incentives are introduced, it would be difficult to rely solely on the action of individual farmers, because water-saving practices tend to be diversified according to the transaction cost of each individual.…”