Voluntary intragastric feeding: Oral and gastric contributions to food intake and hunger in man.

Abstract

Human subjects controlled ingestion of liquid diet orally or intragastrically by activating a pump. When the pump rate was constant, intragastric intakes were comparable to oral intakes. A series of experiments was performed to assess the relative contributions of oral and gastric factors in short-term regulation of food intake. Subjects overate when fed simultaneously by the oral and intragastric routes. Subjects did not respond to caloric dilution within one meal when ingesting intragastrically. When three Metrecal meals a day were taken intragastrically for 2 days, subjects ingested an adequate amount of calories and maintained their weights.The relative contributions of oropharyngeal, gastric, and postabsorptive factors in the production of satiety have been successfully explored in several animal species, where satiety is denned as the cessation of food intake (Janowitz & Grossman, 1949;Mook, 1963). Interspecies differences have been marked, however, and therefore understanding hunger and satiety in man in light of these studies is not a simple extrapolation. Only recently have there been direct studies of eating behavior in man (Hashim & Van Itallie, 1964; Jordan, Stellar, & Duggan, 1968; Jordan, Wieland, Zebley, Stellar, & Stunkard, 1966) that could parallel these animal experiments. It is interesting, however, that in 1883 William Beaumont (reprinted 1959), in his classic studies of the gastric fistula of Alexis St. Martin, had remarkably modern insight into the roles of the oral and postingestional components of the regulatory apparatus in man. He suggested in the report of his work that because of the overriding importance of oral factors, man's capacity for regulation was far from per-

Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight

“…The availability of low-calorie beverages has not reduced consumption of sugar-containing drinks: quite surprisingly, their levels of intake have grown in parallel over the last decades in the United States of America (Saris, 2003). The present review of clinical and laboratory studies on sweeteners and satiety suggests that the human ability for exact energy homeostasis is limited (Jordan, 1969;Mattes et al, 1988;Blundell and King, 1996). The success of diet beverages and foods depends on imprecise systems of control and the absence of powerful compensatory mechanisms.…”

Effect of altering the variety of sensorially distinct foods, of the same macronutrient content, on food intake and body weight in men

“…In the past the role of sensory factors in determining levels of energy intake has been investigated using rodent models (Teitelbaum & Epstein, 1962;Treit et al, 1983;Le Magnen, 1992) and in short-term studies in humans (Jordan, 1969;Bellisle & Le Magnen, 1981;Rolls, 1986;Mattes, 1987). However, in the last 15 y attention has tended to focus more heavily on the role that diet composition plays in affecting appetite control and energy balance (Danforth, 1985;Department of Health, 1995).…”

An investigation of the role of oro-sensory stimulation in sugar satiety?

“…2,3 Laboratory studies also found that normal ingestion of meals resulted in greater suppression of appetite compared with the same meals infused directly into the stomach or duodenum, thus highlighting the contribution of oral factors in the development of satiety. 4,5 Studies in rats also demonstrated that stimulation from oral glucose enhanced the satiating effect of hepatic glucose infusions. 6 More specifically, some studies have shown that sweet taste can result in reductions in subsequent food intake and=or appetite.…”