Voluntary participation in discussion forums as an engagement indicator

Introductory programming: a systematic literature review

“…There are many explorations of the effectiveness of interventions on student engagement. Examples include full course redesigns [134,406,476]; implementing a holistic and better integrated curriculum [134]; teaching activity design, such as the use of in-class response systems [119]; strategies to enrich student behaviour, such as online journaling [604] and reading interventions [183]; changes to infrastructure, allowing for smaller classes [87] and closer monitoring of individuals [32]; the application of e-learning [80,365,652]; flipped classrooms [363]; peer communication tools such as anonymous chat rooms [666], discussion forums [590], and Facebook [488]; collaboration, including pair programming [115], team-based learning [192], and strategies such as think-pair-share [346]; interactive learning experiences [337,415,669]; the use of robots [397,435]; and physical computing approaches [417,565].…”