Vorschläge zur Charakterisierung und quantifizierung pfadübergreifender Schadstoffexpositionen

Stubenrauch, Steffen; Hempfling, Reinhold; Doetsch, Peter; Grünhoff, Dirk

doi:10.1007/bf03038033

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Airborne particles contribute 80% of the inhalation exposure, although the highest value of total inhalation exposure is less than 0.6 μg/kg/d, which is much lower than the RfD. For infants, exposure through oral intake via dust is 1.6 times higher than the RfD, although the estimate for dust intake rate of 10.3 mg/kg/d may be high. Exposure via these two pathways is similar to other study results ,, .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Predicting Residential Exposure to Phthalate Plasticizer Emitted from Vinyl Flooring: A Mechanistic Analysis

Hubal

Clausen

et al. 2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

184

150

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A two-room model is developed to estimate the emission rate of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from vinyl flooring and the evolving gas-phase and adsorbed surface concentrations in a realistic indoor environment. Because the DEHP emission rate measured in a test chamber may be quite different from the emission rate from the same material in the indoor environment the model provides a convenient means to predict emissions and transport in a more realistic setting. Adsorption isotherms for phthalates and plasticizers on interior surfaces, such as carpet, wood, dust, and human skin, are derived from previous field and laboratory studies. Log-linear relationships between equilibrium parameters and chemical vapor pressure are obtained. The predicted indoor air DEHP concentration at steady state is 0.15 microg/m3. Room 1 reaches steady state within about one year, while the adjacent room reaches steady state about three months later. Ventilation rate has a strong influence on DEHP emission rate while total suspended particle concentration has a substantial impact on gas-phase concentration. Exposure to DEHP via inhalation, dermal absorption, and oral ingestion of dust is evaluated. The model clarifies the mechanisms that govern the release of DEHP from vinyl flooring and the subsequent interactions with interior surfaces, airborne particles, dust, and human skin. Although further model development, parameter identification, and model validation are needed, our preliminary model provides a mechanistic framework that elucidates exposure pathways for phthalate plasticizers, and can most likely be adapted to predict emissions and transport of other semivolatile organic compounds, such as brominated flame retardants and biocides, in a residential environment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Predicting Residential Exposure to Phthalate Plasticizer Emitted from Vinyl Flooring: A Mechanistic Analysis

Hubal

Clausen

et al. 2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

184

150

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“…The EPA indicated an inhalation rate of 0.63 m 3 h −1 and 10 h per day for residential exposure. Stubenrauch et al( 319 ) estimate inhalation rates of 0.8 m 3 h −1 for adults and 0.25 m 3 h −1 for young children over 21 h per day. The total daily intake (DI) for an individual moving in n different environments can be computed from eq 26 , where C j , IR j , and t j represent the concentration, inhalation rate, and time spent in the environment j .…”

Section: Exposure and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formaldehyde in the Indoor Environment

2010

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“…Based on a daily respiratory volume of 19.2 m 3 and 21 h spent indoors, adults inhale 0.24 m 3 kg À1 day À1 of indoor air and ingest 1.03 mg kg À1 day À1 of house dust. 37 For children (1-3 years) the corresponding values are 0.53 m 3 kg À1 day À1 (air) and 10.3 mg kg À1 day À1 (dust). Under these conditions, an adult weighing 70 kg would be exposed to 0.1-180 ng kg À1 day À1 and 0.3-96 ng kg À1 day À1 of TCEP via inhalation and ingestion of dust, respectively.…”

Section: Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in air from various indoor environments

2005

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Eleven organophosphorus compounds (OPs) that are used as plasticizers and flame retardants were analysed in duplicate samples of indoor air from 17 domestic and occupational environments. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns were used as adsorbents and analysis was performed using GC with a nitrogen phosphorus selective detector. The total amounts of OPs in the air samples ranged between 36 and 950 ng m(-3); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) being the most abundant (0.4 to 730 ng m(-3)), followed by tributyl phosphate (0.5-120 ng m(-3)). Public buildings tended to have about 3-4 times higher levels of OPs than domestic buildings. The relative amounts of individual OPs varied between the sites and generally reflected the building materials, furniture and consumer products used in the sampled environments. Potential sources of these compounds include, inter alia, acoustic ceilings, upholstered furniture, wall coverings, floor polish and polyvinylchloride floor coverings. A correlation was observed between the TCEP concentrations in the air in the sampled environments and previously reported concentrations in dust, but no such correlation was seen for the heavier and less volatile tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Based on estimated amounts of indoor air inhaled and dust ingested, adults and children in the sampled environments would be exposed to up to 5.8 microg kg(-1) day(-1) and 57 microg kg(-1) day(-1) total OPs, respectively.

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Vorschläge zur Charakterisierung und quantifizierung pfadübergreifender Schadstoffexpositionen

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Predicting Residential Exposure to Phthalate Plasticizer Emitted from Vinyl Flooring: A Mechanistic Analysis

Predicting Residential Exposure to Phthalate Plasticizer Emitted from Vinyl Flooring: A Mechanistic Analysis

Formaldehyde in the Indoor Environment

Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in air from various indoor environments

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