Vortex‐assisted natural deep eutectic solvent microextraction using response surface methodology optimization for determination of orthophosphate in water samples by molybdenum blue method

Abstract

A new, rapid, and efficient microextraction technique named vortex‐assisted natural deep eutectic solvent microextraction has been developed for the preconcentration and determination of orthophosphate in real water samples. The method is based on the formation of the phosphomolybdenium blue complex followed by proposed microextraction procedure and subsequent spectrophotometric determination in a microcell. Screening study for the optimal composition of natural deep eutectic solvent was initially performed with different solvents, including choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor and different hydrogen bond donors. A ternary mixture of glucose‐choline chloride‐water was used as the most efficient extraction solvent. Response surface methodology based on the central composite design was used to optimize experimental parameters. Under optimal conditions, the calibration graph for orthophosphate determination was linear over the range of 2.0–80.0 µg/L (correlation coefficient of 0.9971) with a detection limit of 0.2 µg/L. The repeatability, reproducibility, and relative error values of the method were below 7%, indicating acceptable precision and accuracy. This approach, using natural deep eutectic solvent as an eco‐friendly solvent with high solubilization power and vortex mixing as an alternative energy source, represents a promising choice for a green separation and preconcentration methodology for determination of orthophosphate in real water samples.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Efficient Extraction of Coumarins from Peucedanum decursivum (Miq.) Maxim Using Deep Eutectic Solvents Combined with an Enzyme Pretreatment

“…A certain molar ratio of HBA and HBD was put in a 250 mL conical flask, which was heated and stirred in a constant-temperature water bath (80 °C) until a stable, uniform, colorless and transparent liquid formed [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. The prepared DESs of different systems are shown in Table 5 .…”

Green and enhanced extraction of coumarins from Cortex Fraxini by ultrasound‐assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction

“…DESs were prepared by using the heating method. Accurately weighed raw materials were added in a glass flask and stirred in a water bath at 80 • C to generate homogeneous liquid, and a proper amount of water was added during DES preparation as reported [18][19][20][21][22]. The produced DESs contain 17 groups, and the whole list of the abbreviations of prepared DESs is displayed in Table 1.…”

Colorimetric determination of trace orthophosphate in water by using C18-functionalized silica coated magnetite

“…Quantification of o -PO 4 3− with the molybdenum blue method normally implement the preconcentration procedures in order to improve sensitivity. Various preconcentration techniques have been developed such as cloud-point extraction (CPE) 3 , 4 , suspended droplet micro-extraction (SDME) 5 , dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction with solidified floating organic drop micro-extraction (DLLME-SFODME) 6 , electrostatically induced stoichiometric extraction (EISE) via layered-double hydroxides (LDHs) 7 , vortex-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent micro-extraction (VA-NADES-ME) 8 and, more recently, vortex-assisted based supramolecular solvents-dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction (VA-SS-DLLME) 9 . Even though the techniques offer low limits of detection and high enhancement factor however, the procedures are not simple and handling the liquid extractant require certain skills.…”