Vortex Mutual Friction in Superfluid 3He

Bevan, T. D. C.; Manninen, A. J.; Cook, JL; Alles, Harry; Hook, J. R.; Hall, H. E.

doi:10.1007/s10909-005-0095-z

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This was also confirmed in experiments on vortex dynamics in 3 He-A [30,31]. In such experiments a uniform array of vortices is produced by rotating the whole cryostat.…”

Section: Spectral Flow Force On Vortex a Continuous Vortex And supporting

confidence: 57%

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Axial anomaly in 3He-A:

Volovik

1998

Physica B: Condensed Matter

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The gapless fermionic excitations in superfluid 3 He-A have a "relativistic" spectrum close to the gap nodes. They are the counterpart of chiral particles (left-handed and right-handed) in high energy physics above the electroweak transition. We discuss the effective gravity and effective gauge fields induced by these massless fermions in the low-energy corner. The interaction of the chiral fermions with the gauge field in 3 He-A is discussed in detail. It gives rise to the effect of axial anomaly: Conversion of charge from the coherent motion of the condensate (vacuum) to the quasiparticles (matter). The charge of the quasiparticles is thus not conserved. In other words, matter can be created without creating antimatter. This effect is instrumental for vortex dynamics, in which the vortex is the mediator of conversion of linear momentum from the condensate to the normal component via spectral flow in the vortex core. The same effect leads to the instability of the counterflow in 3 He-A, in which the flow of the normal component (incoherent degrees of freedom) is transformed to the order parameter texture (coherent degrees of freedom). We discuss the analogues of these phenomena in high energy physics. The conversion of the momentum from the vortex to the heat bath is equivalent to the nonconservation of baryon number in the presence of textures and cosmic strings. The counterflow instability is equivalent to the generation of the hypermagnetic field via the axial anomaly. We discuss also an analogue of axions and different sources of the mass of the "hyperphoton" in 3 He-A.

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“…This was also confirmed in experiments on vortex dynamics in 3 He-A [30,31]. In such experiments a uniform array of vortices is produced by rotating the whole cryostat.…”

Section: Spectral Flow Force On Vortex a Continuous Vortex And supporting

confidence: 57%

“…(33) experimentally. This has been done in an experiment in Manchester on the dynamics of singular vortices in 3 He-B [30,31]. An equation of the type of (33) has been verified in a broad temperature range, which included both extreme limits, ω 0 τ ≪ 1 and ω 0 τ ≫ 1.…”

Section: B Singular Vortex and Baryogenesis By Cosmic Stringsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axial anomaly in 3He-A:

Volovik

1998

Physica B: Condensed Matter

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“…In the B phase of superfluid 3 He, they have been measured in wide temperature and pressure ranges by the Manchester group (6). The results are in fair agreement with the theory of mutual friction, which includes the Iordanskii force from the scattering of bulk thermal quasi-particles by the flow field around the vortex (7) and the Kopnin force originating from the interaction of the vortex core-bound fermions with the bulk quasi-particles (8).…”

Section: Coarse-grained Superfluid Dynamics and Mutual Frictionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…The energy gap Δ in the spectrum of bulk quasi-particles causes the fast variation of mutual friction with temperature. The original measurements left an uncertainty (6) whether the accepted value of the gap should be renormalized to fit the experimental data. New measurements of friction to lower temperatures (9,10) leave no doubt that the bulk Δ properly describes the low-temperature dependence α ∝ expð−Δ=k B TÞ, in accordance with the theory.…”

Section: Coarse-grained Superfluid Dynamics and Mutual Frictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum turbulence in superfluids with wall-clamped normal component

Eltsov

Hänninen

Krusius

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In Fermi superfluids, such as superfluid 3 He, the viscous normal component can be considered to be stationary with respect to the container. The normal component interacts with the superfluid component via mutual friction, which damps the motion of quantized vortex lines and eventually couples the superfluid component to the container. With decreasing temperature and mutual friction, the internal dynamics of the superfluid component becomes more important compared with the damping and coupling effects from the normal component. As a result profound changes in superfluid dynamics are observed: the temperature-dependent transition from laminar to turbulent vortex motion and the decoupling from the reference frame of the container at even lower temperatures.superfluid Reynolds number | vortex tension | vortex front | rotating flow | pipe flow I n this paper, we consider the motion of quantized vortices in superfluids, where the normal component is clamped to the walls of the container; that is, it is stationary in a reference frame moving with the wall. This situation can be experimentally realized in superfluid 3 He. In such systems, turbulent motion can occur only in the superfluid component and thus, in principle, is easier to analyze. Here the role of the normal fluid is twofold: first, it provides friction in the superfluid motion, which is mediated by quantized vortices and works over a wide range of length scales. Second, it provides a coupling to the container walls, which acts uniformly over the whole volume of the superfluid. This situation is quite unlike classical turbulence, where viscous dissipation operates only at the small Kolmogorov scale and coupling to the walls is provided by thin boundary layers.As a result, a variety of new phenomena is observed in experiments and numerical simulations as a function of temperature. These phenomena are controlled by the normal-fluid density. At the highest temperatures, turbulent motion is suppressed completely. When the temperature decreases, a sharp transition to turbulence is seen. The transition can be characterized by a superfluid Reynolds number, which is composed of the internal friction parameters of the superfluid and is independent of velocity. When turbulence is triggered by a localized perturbation of the laminar flow, the critical value of the Reynolds number is found to scale with the strength of the perturbation.When the temperature decreases further, friction from the normal component rapidly vanishes. The overall dissipation rate in quantum turbulence remains nevertheless finite, owing to the contribution from the turbulent energy cascade, and reaches a temperatureindependent value in the zero-temperature limit. This zero-temperature dissipation can be characterized by an effective viscosity or friction. It is found, however, that coupling to the walls is not essentially improved by the turbulence and can potentially become very small. At the lowest temperatures the concept of a single effective friction breaks down; for the proper descriptio...

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“…(iii) The dynamical behavior of vortices changes with temperature because of the strong temperature dependence of mutual friction dissipation α(T, P ). 2 At high temperatures vortex motion is rapid and number conserving. When rotation is here suddenly stopped from an equilibrium vortex state at Ω(t = 0), the decay of rectilinear vortices is of the form 3 N (t) ∝ (1 + t/τ ) −1 , with a decay time τ = [2αΩ(0)] −1 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Dynamic Remanent Vortices in Superfluid 3He-B

Solntsev

Graaf

Eltsov³

et al. 2007

J Low Temp Phys

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We investigate the decay of vortices in a rotating cylindrical sample of 3He-B, after rotation has been stopped. With decreasing temperature vortex annihilation slows down as the damping in vortex motion, the mutual friction dissipation \alpha(T), decreases almost exponentially. Remanent vortices then survive for increasingly long periods, while they move towards annihilation in zero applied flow. After a waiting period \Delta t at zero flow, rotation is reapplied and the remnants evolve to rectilinear vortices. By counting these lines, we measure at temperatures above the transition to turbulence ~0.6T_c the number of remnants as a function of \alpha(T) and \Delta t. At temperatures below the transition to turbulence T \lesssim 0.55 T_c, remnants expanding in applied flow become unstable and generate in a turbulent burst the equilibrium number of vortices. Here we measure the onset temperature T_on of turbulence as a function of \Delta t, applied flow velocity, and length of sample L.Comment: Submitted to the proceedings of the Quantum Fluids and Solids Conference 2006 (to be published in Journal of Low Temperature Physics 2007) New data are adde

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Vortex Mutual Friction in Superfluid 3He

Abstract: We give a fidl account of our extensive measurements of vortex mutual friction in rotating superJluid 3He, in both the

Cited by 33 publications

References 33 publications

Axial anomaly in 3He-A:

Axial anomaly in 3He-A:

Quantum turbulence in superfluids with wall-clamped normal component

Dynamic Remanent Vortices in Superfluid 3He-B

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