Vortex trimer in three-component Bose-Einstein condensates

Eto, Minoru; Nitta, Muneto

doi:10.1103/physreva.85.053645

Cited by 44 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As real QCD has SU (3) symmetry, our next step will be the confinement of 1/3 quantized vortices in threecomponent BECs, for which a baryon was constructed numerically in Ref. [30,31]. While we have shown confinement of charged bosons, the recently highlighted duality between vortices and fermions [32] The baryonic molecule for g 12 > 0 at the equilibrium is static because the inter-vortex repulsion is canceled by the confinement force by the soliton.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confinement of half-quantized vortices in coherently coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: Simulating quark confinement in a QCD-like theory

Eto

Nitta

2018

Phys. Rev. A

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We demonstrate that the confinement of half-quantized vortices (HQVs) in coherently coupled Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) simulates certain aspects of the confinement in SU (2) quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in 2+1 space-time dimensions. By identifying the circulation of superfluid velocity as the baryon number and the relative phase between two components as a dual gluon, we identify HQVs in a single component as electrically charged particles with a half baryon number. Further, we show that only singlet states of the relative phase of two components can stably exist as bound states of vortices, that is, a pair of vortices in each component (a baryon) and a pair of a vortex and an antivortex in the same component (a meson). We then study the dynamics of a baryon and meson; baryon is static at the equilibrium and rotates once it deviates from the equilibrium, while a meson moves with constant velocity. For both baryon and meson we verify a linear confinement and determine that they are broken, thus creating other baryons or mesons in the middle when two constituent vortices are separated by more than some critical distance, resembling QCD. I. INTRODUCTIONIn modern elementary particle physics, one of the most important and difficult problems is the confinement of quarks (and gluons) in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). What we daily observe in nature at low energy are not elementary constituents, that is, quarks and gluons but they are strongly confined to form hadrons. There are two types of hadrons: baryons, consisting of only quarks, and mesons, consisting of quarks and antiquarks. Various baryons and mesons can exist because there are several species (called as flavors) of quarks, such as up (u) and down (d). The widely accepted explanation of the confinement is that chromo-electric flux from a quark is squeezed to form a flux tube in a dual superconductor, in which magnetic monopoles are condensed [1][2][3]. Thus, the interaction energy between (anti-)quarks is proportional to the distance between them; this is a salient signal of the confinement. Although the explanation is quite plausible, it is difficult to prove it. Therefore, many studies have been conducted for QCD-like theories.From among these studies, Polyakov [4] made an important remark using a duality about a U (1) gauge theory in 2+1 space-time dimensions; this can be obtained as the low-energy limit of an SU (2) gauge theory with a triplet scalar field. The duality mentioned here is the one between the XY and Abelian-Higgs models in 2 + 1 dimensions [5,6], providing insights for understanding the fractional quantum Hall effect [7], Mott transitions [8], etc. As a photon has only one polarization in three spece-time dimensions, it can be dualized to the so-called dual photon (a periodic scalar field) θ ∈ [0, 2π) defined throughUnder the duality relation, electrically charged bosons in the original theory are interchanged by vortices in θ. The dual photon is massless in the perturbation theory but it gets mass m dp through nonperturbative monopole e...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confinement of half-quantized vortices in coherently coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: Simulating quark confinement in a QCD-like theory

Eto

Nitta

2018

Phys. Rev. A

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“…Indeed, recent theoretical results on vortex lattice conformations have shown that multi-component Bose-Einstein condensates are far from being just a trivial extension of the single component case. In fact, adding a component brings a diversity of possible configurations never found in a onecomponent system, such as amorphous conformations, square lattices and bound states, including overlapped vortices, vortex dimers and molecules [18][19][20][21][22]. Some of these conformations suggest that the interaction between vortices can be nonmonotonic with respect to the intervortex distance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, to date, the interaction between vortices in the simplest multi-component BEC is known only in specific limits of scale, by either assuming inter-vortex distances much greater than the healing length [23] or considering the interaction energy near the vortex peak in the Thomas-Fermi regime [24]. As it turns out, the asymptotic behavior does not account for all conformations found [19][20][21][22]. Furthermore, the generalization of these analytical approaches to more complex cases with more components or even with a different kind of inter-component particle-particle interaction seems to be highly non-trivial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bound vortex states and exotic lattices in multicomponent Bose-Einstein condensates: The role of vortex-vortex interaction

et al. 2015

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We numerically study the vortex-vortex interaction in multi-component homogeneous BoseEinstein condensates within the realm of the Gross-Pitaevskii theory. We provide strong evidences that pairwise vortex interaction captures the underlying mechanisms which determine the geometric configuration of the vortices, such as different lattices in many-vortex states, as well as the bound vortex states with two (dimer) or three (trimer) vortices. Specifically, we discuss and apply our theoretical approach to investigate intra-and inter-component vortex-vortex interactions in two-and three-component Bose-Einstein condensates, thereby shedding light on the formation of the exotic vortex configurations. These results correlate with current experimental efforts in multi-component Bose-Einstein condensates, and the understanding of the role of vortex interactions in multiband superconductors.

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“…The subtle interplay between the various interactions suggests that when such a frustrated system is set in rapid rotation, highly unconventional vortex lattices may appear in the rotating ground state. So far, studies of vortices in Rabi-coupled three-component BECs have focused on states with only a few vortices and have demonstrated, for example, the existence of stable vortex trimers [29][30][31][32]. The possible structures of ground-state vortex lattices in these systems, however, have remained unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assuming that the system is set into rotation about the z axis with angular frequency Ω, we write the two-dimensional GrossPitaevskii (GP) energy functional [30] in the rotating frame of reference as…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skyrmionic vortex lattices in coherently coupled three-component Bose-Einstein condensates

2016

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We show numerically that a harmonically trapped and coherently Rabi-coupled three-component Bose-Einstein condensate can host unconventional vortex lattices in its rotating ground state. The discovered lattices incorporate square and zig-zag patterns, vortex dimers and chains, and doubly quantized vortices, and they can be quantitatively classified in terms of a skyrmionic topological index, which takes into account the multicomponent nature of the system. The exotic groundstate lattices arise due to the intricate interplay of the repulsive density-density interactions and the Rabi couplings as well as the ubiquitous phase frustration between the components. In the frustrated state, domain walls in the relative phases can persist between some components even at strong Rabi coupling, while vanishing between others. Consequently, in this limit the threecomponent condensate effectively approaches a two-component condensate with only density-density interactions. At intermediate Rabi coupling strengths, however, we face unique vortex physics that occurs neither in the two-component counterpart nor in the purely density-density-coupled threecomponent system.

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Vortex trimer in three-component Bose-Einstein condensates

Cited by 44 publications

References 19 publications

Confinement of half-quantized vortices in coherently coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: Simulating quark confinement in a QCD-like theory

Confinement of half-quantized vortices in coherently coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: Simulating quark confinement in a QCD-like theory

Bound vortex states and exotic lattices in multicomponent Bose-Einstein condensates: The role of vortex-vortex interaction

Skyrmionic vortex lattices in coherently coupled three-component Bose-Einstein condensates

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