Vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates: A review of the experimental results

Srinivasan, R.

doi:10.1007/bf02704934

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The existence of quantized vortices is one of the signature features of superfluid systems [13,70], and atomic-gas BECs have been a fruitful playground in which to explore superfluid vortex properties since their original observation in BEC in 1999 [71]. Due to the relative ease of microscopic manipulation and detection techniques, BECs are well-suited to address open questions regarding superfluid mixing and associated vortex generation [14,72,73]. Vortices were originally created in BEC using quantum phase manipulation [71,74], and have also been created using methods more analogous to those in classical fluid dynamics [75], namely through rotating traps [76,77,78,79], turbulence [69], and dynamical instabilities [80,81].…”

Section: Research Questionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter describes a situation in which a vortex of quantized orbital angular momentum exists in the superfluid, described in more detail in Section 5.2.1. These vortices are the hallmark feature of superfluidity, and have been created in BEC by a number of different methods [14]. Most of these methods have involved the deliberate introduction of orbital angular momentum into the BEC, which manifests itself as the appearance of quantized vortices.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Vortex Formation by Merging of Multiple Trapped Bose-Einstein Condensates

et al. 2007

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We report observations of vortex formation by merging and interfering multiple (87)Rb Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in a confining potential. In this experiment, a single harmonic potential well is partitioned into three sections by a barrier, enabling the simultaneous formation of three independent, uncorrelated BECs. The BECs may either automatically merge together during their growth, or for high-energy barriers, the BECs can be merged together by barrier removal after their formation. Either process may instigate vortex formation in the resulting BEC, depending on the initially indeterminate relative phases of the condensates and the merging rate.

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Section: Research Questionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Vortex Formation by Merging of Multiple Trapped Bose-Einstein Condensates

et al. 2007

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“…They are well-known objects, studied in detail theoretically and created in experiments, prior to the work on bright vortex solitons. Results obtained for the "dark vortices", starting from the earliest ones [86][87][88], have been collected in many publications dealing with various settings in photonics [89][90][91][92][93][94][95] (including exciton-polariton condensates [96][97][98], where the vortices exist in dissipative media) and BEC [61,[99][100][101][102][103][104][105], as well as in quantum Fermi gases [106,107]; see also book [108] for an overview of the theme. The studies of vortices in this context are also known as "singular optics", with pivots of the vortices considered as singularities of optical fields; many publications on the latter theme were collected in a special issue of Journal of Optics [109] (see also book [110]).…”

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confidence: 99%

(INVITED) Vortex solitons: Old results and new perspectives

Malomed

2019

Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena

177

115

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A comparative review is given of some well-known and some recent results obtained in studies of two-and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) solitons, with emphasis on states carrying embedded vorticity. Physical realizations of multidimensional solitons in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and nonlinear optics are briefly discussed too. Unlike 1D solitons, which are typically stable, 2D and 3D ones are vulnerable to instabilities induced by the occurrence of the critical and supercritical collapse, respectively, in the 2D and 3D models with the cubic self-focusing nonlinearity. Vortex solitons are subject to a still stronger splitting instability. For this reason, a central problem is looking for physical settings in which 2D and 3D solitons may be stabilized. The review addresses in detail two well-established topics, viz., the stabilization of vortex solitons by means of competing nonlinearities, or by trapping potentials (harmonic-oscillator and spatially-periodic ones). The former topic includes a new addition, closely related to the recent breakthrough, viz., the prediction and creation of robust quantum droplets. Two other topics included in the review outline new schemes which were recently elaborated for the creation of stable vortical solitons in BEC. One scheme relies on the use of the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in binary condensates with cubic intrinsic attraction, making it possible to predict stable 2D and 3D solitons, which couple or mix components with vorticities S = 0 and ±1 (semi-vortices (SVs) or mixed modes (MMs), respectively). In this system, the situation is drastically different in the 2D and 3D geometries. In 2D, the SOC helps to create a ground state (GS, which does not exist otherwise), represented by stable SV or MM solitons, whose norm falls below the threshold value at which the critical collapse sets in. In the 3D geometry, the supercritical collapse does not allow one to create a GS, but metastable solitons of the SV and MM types can be constructed. Another new scheme makes it possible to create stable 2D vortex-ring solitons with arbitrarily high S in a binary BEC with components coupled by microwave radiation. Some other topics are addressed briefly, such as vortex solitons in dissipative media, and attempts to create vortex solitons in experiments.List of acronyms: 1D -one-dimensional; 2D -two dimensional; 3D -three-dimensional; BEC -Bose-Einstein condensate; CGLE -complex Ginzburg-Landau equation; CQ -cubic-quintic (nonlinearity), FF -fundamental frequency; GPE -Gross-Pitaevskii equation; GS -ground state; GVD -group-velocity dispersion; HO -harmonic oscillator (potential); HV -hidden vorticity; LHY -Lee-Huang-Yang (correction to the mean-field dynamics of BEC); MF -mean field; MM -mixed mode; NLSE -nonlinear Schrödinger equation; OL -optical lattice; PT -parity-time (symmetry); QD -quantum droplet; SH -second harmonic; SOC -spin-orbit coupling; SV -semi-vortex; TF -Thomas-Fermi (approximation); TS -Townes' soliton; VA -variational approximation; VAV -vortex-antivortex (composit...

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“…In the present context, however, the analogy to Bose Einstein condensates (BEC) of dilute atomic gases is more appropriate [39]. Vortices in BEC can be created by rotations (like in a bucket of liquid Helium) [40], that is "stirring with an optical spoon" [41] or a "phase imprinting" [42]. While the vortices of charges higher than ±1 are not stable in these systems, rotating BECs form beautiful Abrikosov lattices of charge one vortices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulating Twisted Electrons in Strong-Field Ionization

Maxwell,

Armstrong,

Ciappina

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates: A review of the experimental results

Cited by 14 publications

References 39 publications

Vortex Formation by Merging of Multiple Trapped Bose-Einstein Condensates

Vortex Formation by Merging of Multiple Trapped Bose-Einstein Condensates

(INVITED) Vortex solitons: Old results and new perspectives

Manipulating Twisted Electrons in Strong-Field Ionization

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