Voxel-based computational models of real human anatomy: a review

Caon, Martin

doi:10.1007/s00411-003-0221-8

Cited by 185 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…To make advanced analysis of point clouds more general and accessible, we use 3D rasters and associated 3D raster algebra as the basis for developing new methods for lidar data analysis. 3D rasters, also referred to as voxels, voxel models, voxelbased space, or 3D grids, are used in many fields such as soil science [15], geology [16], atmospheric sciences [17], human anatomy [18], and 3D printing [19]. In the fields of remote sensing and geographic information systems, 3D rasters have been used with airborne lidar data to characterize fine-scale bird habitat [12] and with terrestrial lidar to characterize forest canopy fuel properties [20] and detailed tree models [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized 3D fragmentation index derived from lidar point clouds

Petras

Newcomb

Mitášová

2017

Open geospatial data, softw. stand.

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Background: Point clouds with increased point densities create new opportunities for analyzing landscape structure in 3D space. Taking advantage of these dense point clouds we have extended a 2D forest fragmentation index developed for regional scale analyses into a 3D index for analyzing vegetation structure at a much finer scale. Methods: Based on the presence or absence of points in a 3D raster (voxel model) the 3D fragmentation index is used to evaluate the configuration of a cell's 3D neighborhood resulting in fragmentation classes such as interior, edge, or patch. In order to incorporate 3D fragmentation into subsequent conventional 2D analyses, we developed a transformation of this 3D fragmentation index into a series of 2D rasters based on index classes. Results: We applied this method to a point cloud obtained by airborne lidar capturing a suburban area with mixed forest cover. All processing and visualization was done in GRASS GIS, an open source, geospatial processing and remote sensing tool. The newly developed code is also publicly available and open source. The entire processing chain is available and executable through Docker for maximum reproducibility. Conclusions: We demonstrated that this proposed index can be used to describe different types of vegetation structure making it a promising tool for remote sensing and landscape ecology. Finally, we suggest that processing point clouds using 3D raster methods including 3D raster algebra is as straightforward as using well-established 2D raster and image processing methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized 3D fragmentation index derived from lidar point clouds

Petras

Newcomb

Mitášová

2017

Open geospatial data, softw. stand.

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“…The usefulness of these so-called voxel-based human body models lies in their faithful representation of human anatomy. Until now there are already more than twenty voxel-based human models reported including different ethnicities, ages, sizes, heights and genders (Caon, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of postured voxel-based human models for the study of step voltage excited by lightning current

et al. 2011

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Abstract. With the development of medical technique and computational electromagnetics, high resolution anatomic human models have already been widely developed and used in computation of electromagnetic fields induced in human body. Although these so called voxel-based human models are powerful tools for research on electromagnetic safety, their unchangeable standing posture makes it impossible to simulate a realistic scenario in which people have a lot of different postures. This paper describes a poser program package which was developed as an improved version of the free-from deformation technique to overcome this problem. It can set rotation angles of different human joints and then deform the original human model to make it have different postures. The original whole-body human model can be deformed smoothly, continuity of internal tissues and organs is maintained and the mass of different tissues and organs can be conserved in a reasonable level.As a typical application of the postured human models, this paper also studies the effect of the step voltage due to a lightning strike on the human body. Two voxel-based human body models with standing and walking posture were developed and integrated into simulation models to compute the current density distribution in the human body shocked by the step voltage. In order to speed up the transient simulation, the reduced c technique was used, leading to a speedup factor of around 20. The error introduced by the reduced c technique is discussed and simulation results are presented in detail.

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“…Recently a new generation of body models used computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) data of real persons [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Debugging of ORNL Series of Mathematical Phantoms of Human Body

Krstić

Nikezić

2011

Acta Phys. Pol. A

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Series of mathematical phantoms of human body, given by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), was programmed as input files for MCNP-4B code. Detailed check of geometry of these phantoms performed by MCNP-4B, discovered some minor errors, that resulted in overlapping of some organs. Three types of errors were found and described here: (a) colon overlaps with pelvis bone; (b) facial skeleton penetrate the head skin, and (c) esophagus overlaps with stomach. These errors prevent correct execution of program. Proposal for correction of these errors are given in this paper.

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Voxel-based computational models of real human anatomy: a review

Cited by 185 publications

References 26 publications

Generalized 3D fragmentation index derived from lidar point clouds

Generalized 3D fragmentation index derived from lidar point clouds

Generation of postured voxel-based human models for the study of step voltage excited by lightning current

Debugging of ORNL Series of Mathematical Phantoms of Human Body

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