Vulnerability and the MSK scale

Damage Assessment and Seismic Intensity Analysis of the 2010 (Mw 8.8) Maule Earthquake

“…The seismic intensity value (above MSK-64 intensity V) is calculated using the relationship between the intensity degree and the distribution of damage grades for each basic vulnerability class proposed by the MSK-64 scale, as adapted by Karnik et al (1984), defining the number of houses damaged in the following terms: few (5%), many (50%), or most (75%; Table 2). Karnik et al (1984) completed the description of the MSK-64 scale so that the total of 100% is reached for each intensity degree and vulnerability class. In order to include VC-D class in Table 2, we used the percentage proposed by Karnik et al (1984) and the masonry buildings classification and distribution of the damage grade proposed by the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98;Grunthal et al 1998).…”

“…Karnik et al (1984) completed the description of the MSK-64 scale so that the total of 100% is reached for each intensity degree and vulnerability class. In order to include VC-D class in Table 2, we used the percentage proposed by Karnik et al (1984) and the masonry buildings classification and distribution of the damage grade proposed by the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98;Grunthal et al 1998).…”

“…Damage grades (DG) and damage ratios (N, in %) for individual intensity degree of the MSK-64 scale (Modified fronKarnik et al 1984) …”

Source study and tectonic implications of the historic 1958 Las Melosas crustal earthquake, Chile, compared to earthquake damage

“…Thus these intensity values consider the distribution of damage in the different types of structures, which are classified according to their vulnerability (Table 1) using the MSK (Medvedev, Sponheuer, Karnik) intensity scale. The MSK scale relates damage distribution with vulnerability class (Karnik et al, 1984;Monge and Astroza, 1989).…”

Timber-framed building damage from tephra fall and lahar: 2015 Calbuco eruption, Chile

“…Spence et al (1996) undertook the first detailed tephra fall damage assessment, developing and applying damage states to damage resulting from the 1991 Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines, focusing on an area 27 km from the volcano which received ~150-200 mm of tephra. Through analysis of photographs, they remotely assessing 51 buildings and developed the first tephra fall damage state scale, drawing on earthquake building damage state scales (Kárník et al, 1983).…”