Vulva, Vestibule, Vagina, and Cervix

Woodie, Brett

doi:10.1016/b1-41-600123-9/50069-3

Cited by 5 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The surgical repair of third-degree perineal lacerations or rectovestibular fistulae has been the subject of several reports [1, 3, 11], and the procedures commonly used are the Goetz and the Aanes techniques [7, 11, 13, 18].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Similar to third-degree perineal lacerations, vulvar and perineal functions can also be impaired in second-degree perineal lacerations, allowing air and feces to enter the vagina, and making it impossible for the vagina to be sterile. Thus, second-degree perineal lacerations may also require surgical repair [7, 11, 18].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, failure of the surgical repair of third-degree perineal lacerations may lead to the formation of fistulae between the rectum and vagina, such as rectovestibular fistulae and rectovaginal fistulae [6, 15]. In horses, a strong expulsive force during delivery and fetal rotation from a dorso-ventral position to a dorso-sacral position can cause overstretching of the lateral and upper walls of the birth canal [4, 9, 14], and in most cases, this causes third-degree perineal lacerations and rectovestibular fistulae [11, 18]. In cows, the position of the fetal limbs during delivery is different from that in horses, and as a result, second-degree perineal lacerations often occur, but rectovestibular fistulae are uncommon [5].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Surgical repair of third-degree perineal lacerations with rectovestibular fistulae in dairy cattle: a series of four cases (2010–2018)

Sato

Kamimura

Kaneko

2019

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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We describe the successful surgical repair of third-degree perineal lacerations with rectovestibular fistulae in four cases using the single-stage modified Aanes method with purse-string suture of the vaginal vestibule and rectum. Fistulae formation and dehiscence of the repair were not observed after surgery. Two cows had five calves and one cow had four calves after surgery. The pregnant cows delivered normally. Additionally, there was no dehiscence of the suture line during the subsequent parturition. The breeding and fertility results obtained after the surgery are presented. According to the results of the present study, the modified Aanes method for the repair of third-degree perineal lacerations with rectovestibular fistulae appears to have a good prognosis for fertility following surgery in cows.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Surgical repair of third-degree perineal lacerations with rectovestibular fistulae in dairy cattle: a series of four cases (2010–2018)

Sato

Kamimura

Kaneko

2019

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Detection of urine in the vaginal fornix on several occasions confirms the diagnosis of urovagina (Easley 1988, Woodie 2012). However, identification of urovagina can be complicated, particularly in mares that only intermittently pool urine, or when urine flows into the uterus but is undetectable in the vagina (Pollock 2012, Woodie 2012). To the authors’ knowledge, there is currently no reported proven method to confirm the clinical diagnosis of urometra.…”

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confidence: 85%

“…Vesicovaginal reflux, also described as urine pooling or urovagina, refers to the accumulation of urine in the vaginal fornix of the mare. It commonly occurs in older mares due to conformational abnormalities of the caudal reproductive tract, in which the cranial vagina slopes cranioventrally, or in the postpartum period as the reproductive tract has been traumatised and is still involuting (McKinnon and Belden 1988, Woodie 2012). During oestrus, urine may flow through the open cervix, resulting in urometra, which can have a substantial negative impact on fertility (Brown and others 1978, Easley 1988, McKinnon and Belden 1988, Woodie 2012).…”

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Creatinine concentrations of accumulated intrauterine fluid to confirm the clinical diagnosis of urometra in mares

et al. 2017

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Urine pooling, as a persistent condition, is a cause of infertility in mares due to endometrial inflammation and sperm toxicity. Identification of urometra can be challenging in mares presenting with the condition intermittently, or when urine flows into the uterus but is undetectable in the vagina. Currently, there are no reported objective methods to confirm the clinical diagnosis of urine contamination in intrauterine-fluid accumulations. Since creatinine is present in high concentrations in urine and does not diffuse across cell membranes, creatinine concentration should be increased in mares with urometra, but negligible in normal and mares with intrauterine fluid accumulation (non-urometra cases). To test this hypothesis, creatinine concentrations of intrauterine fluid were measured in mares with a clinical diagnosis of urine accumulation (n=9) or intrauterine fluid containing no urine (n=10). Results showed that creatinine concentrations (mg/dl) were significantly higher in mares that had a clinical diagnosis of urometra (42.8±12.6, range 4.1-109.2) compared with those that did not (0.38±0.1, range 0-0.9). Also, two mares after urethral extension surgery demonstrated a remarkable reduction in creatinine concentrations. This study highlights an undocumented approach to confirm a clinical diagnosis of urometra in mares; the authors anticipate that testing for creatinine in the uterine fluid of mares may become a standard tool for identifying urometra in mares and confirming the success of urogenital surgeries.

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Reconstruction of third-degree perineal lacerations in female camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) using a modified Goetz one-stage repair technique

El-Shafaey

2021

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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This study was designed to evaluate the modified Goetz-one-stage repair technique for reconstruction of third-degree perineal lacerations (TDPLs) in female camels. Fifteen female dromedary camels with TDPL were surgically reconstructed using the modified Goetz one-stage repair using the three-line closure technique. The surgical outcomes, the interval between repair and breeding, and the postoperative conception of the operated female camels were recorded and analyzed. During the 12-month postoperative follow-up period, TDPLs in 14 female camels (93.33%) healed completely by the first intention with mild inflammatory edema and infection in 2 female camels. One camel (6.67%) had a rectovaginal fistula, which was successfully repaired with suturing through the vaginal approach. Of the 15 female camels, 13 (86.67%) subsequently became pregnant through natural mating within 3 to 6 months postoperatively; however, 2 (13.33%) were barren and were referred for gynecological treatment. The modified Goetz onestage repair technique was successful in 14 of the 15 female camels after a single surgery, with a low incidence of postoperative complications. This technique is efficient for the repair of TDPLs in female camels, with promising results for subsequent fertility.

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Vulva, Vestibule, Vagina, and Cervix

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Surgical repair of third-degree perineal lacerations with rectovestibular fistulae in dairy cattle: a series of four cases (2010–2018)

Surgical repair of third-degree perineal lacerations with rectovestibular fistulae in dairy cattle: a series of four cases (2010–2018)

Creatinine concentrations of accumulated intrauterine fluid to confirm the clinical diagnosis of urometra in mares

Reconstruction of third-degree perineal lacerations in female camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) using a modified Goetz one-stage repair technique

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