Vulval phlebography in the pelvic congestion syndrome

Pelvic congestion syndrome: Early clinical results after transcatheter ovarian vein embolization

“…Although extensive literature on the diagnosis and the treatment of PCS exists, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] studies of 56 women who underwent OV embolization are currently published or in press from 1993 to the present. [20][21][22][23][24][25] With follow-up ranging from 6 to 15.4 months, relief varied from "cure" to no change or a worsening of the symptoms.…”

Diagnosis of Pregnancy-Associated Uterine Venous Plexus Thrombosis on the Basis of Transvaginal Sonography

“…J Ultrasound Med 22:287-293, 2003 Pelvic varicose veins may be precipitated by pelvic venous thrombosis. 8 Both uterine and ovarian varices are well described in angiographic studies. Anastomoses between the ovarian and uterine venous plexuses may obscure the venous origin, especially when major varicosities are coexistent.…”

Role of trans-abdominal and trans-perineal venous duplex ultrasound in cases of pelvic congestion syndrome

“…Craig and Hobbs and Hobbs had declared a strong association between PCS and the varicosities that were detected in the vulva as well as their extensions in the thighs and buttocks especially, if the varicosities had atypical distribution in the lower limbs, if there was a recurrence with no obvious cause or in those with primarily failed surgical treatment [14,15].…”