“…The empirical data consists of media articles, official documents, research publications and interviews, including 10 interviews in 2018 with representatives from the municipality of Oslo, Oslo Police District and other stakeholders about urban counterterrorism measures in Oslo. One of the authors of this book chapter has previously engaged in several projects regarding the security of the Government Quarter [11,51,52] and the Norwegian understanding and conceptualisation of terrorism and counterterrorism [16,20,22,[53][54][55][56][57], which this book chapter is also based on. In the data analysis, we examined the development of urban counterterrorism from 9/11 to the present in Oslo.…”