VUV detection in large-area avalanche photodiodes as a function of temperature

Lopes, J. A. M.; Fernandes, L. M. P.; Santos, J.M.F. dos; Morgado, R.E.; Conde, C.A.N.

doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(03)00763-0

Cited by 6 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…In fact, it is the number of primary charge carriers produced by the light pulse that will define The results obtained with this LAAPD for MDP at 172 nm are lower than those obtained with the Peltier-cooled LAAPD in Ref. [22] (∼ 1100 photons). The difference may be attributed to the differences in the LAAPD's dark currents, which limit the electronic noise and, thus, the MDP.…”

mentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Different studies have proved that the LAAPD response characteristics for VUV are different from those for visible light, used to determine most of the characteristics of the photodiodes [20][21][22]. The X-ray-to-photon detection nonlinearity, the sensitivity to magnetic fields and the relative variation of gain with temperature have been measured for VUV, presenting higher values when compared to visiblelight detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These LAAPDs can replace PMTs or CsI-based photosensors in applications where the light level allows the use of low-gain photosensors [11,12,[16][17][18][19]. For example, the detection of primary and secondary scintillation in rare gases is not only used in gas scintillation X-ray detectors [11,12], but also in many other types of radiation detectors, which have been investigated recently [16][17][18][19].Different studies have proved that the LAAPD response characteristics for VUV are different from those for visible light, used to determine most of the characteristics of the photodiodes [20][21][22]. The X-ray-to-photon detection nonlinearity, the sensitivity to magnetic fields and the relative variation of gain with temperature have been measured for VUV, presenting higher values when compared to visiblelight detection.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection of VUV photons with large-area avalanche photodiodes

et al. 2005

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The room-temperature response of large-area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPDs) to 128-and 172-nm light pulses is investigated. The minimum detectable number of photons, which can produce a signal just above the noise level, is found to be around 1300 and 600 photons, respectively. The LAAPD relative statistical fluctuations in the detection of 15 000 photons of 128 nm and 25 500 photons of 172 nm were found to be about 3.9% and 2.2%, respectively. Both the minimum detectable number of photons and statistical fluctuations do not depend on the photon wavelength, but rather on the number of charge carriers produced by the light pulse in the LAAPD. For these light levels, good LAAPD performance is already achieved for gains as low as 30 to 60.PACS 42.70.Gi; IntroductionIn recent years, significant advances in the development of large-area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPDs) triggered the study and the characterization of different commercially available avalanche photodiodes (APDs) (e.g. Hamamatsu [1,2], EG&G [2,3], API [4,5], and RMD [6,7]). Although applications to direct X-ray detection have been investigated [4,[8][9][10], LAAPDs have been used mainly as optical photosensors coupled to scintillation detectors for X-, γ -ray, and particle detection, such as in the electromagnetic calorimeter of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector [1,2,8], in gas proportional scintillation counters [11,12], and in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) [3,13,14] and nuclear physics [5,6] instrumentation. Nevertheless, these devices can be applied to photon detection in other areas of optics.It has been demonstrated that LAAPDs can replace photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with advantages, delivering similar performances. When compared to the PMTs, LAAPDs are much more compact, present much less power consumption, have a straightforward operation, can operate in intense magnetic fields and have higher quantum efficiencies. On the ✉ Fax: +351-239-829158, E-mail: jmf@gian.fis.uc.pt other hand, their low gains and reduced active areas present the main drawbacks of LAAPDs. In addition, low-energy X-ray detection techniques with APDs were developed to measure the charge carriers produced in light measurements using X-rays as a reference, resulting in a straightforward process to evaluate the number of photons interacting in the photodiode.More recently, API has developed window-less LAAPDs with a spectral response that extends down to the vacuumultraviolet (VUV) region (∼ 120 nm) [15]. Enhanced quantum efficiency is the result of maximizing the quantum yield and transmittance, while reducing recombination, through the selection of an optimized thickness of silicon dioxide as the antireflection layer. The high-quality silicon surface also reduces losses from recombination of charge carriers. These LAAPDs can replace PMTs or CsI-based photosensors in applications where the light level allows the use of low-gain photosensors [11,12,[16][17][18][19]. For example, the detection of primary and secondary scintillation in rare gases is not only us...

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confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of VUV photons with large-area avalanche photodiodes

et al. 2005

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“…The surface dark current is generated in the p-n junction edges due to high voltage gradients in its vicinity. Since dark current is a noise source and increases considerably with temperature, the electronic noise level can be reduced by cooling the APD, reducing the statistical fluctuations and the minimum detection limit of VUV photons [21,22].…”

Section: Apd Operation Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the 128 and 172 nm VUV light from argon and xenon scintillation, the effective quantum efficiency, here defined as the average number of free electrons produced in the APD per incident VUV photon is 0.5 and 1.1, respectively, corresponding to a spectral sensitivity of about 50 and 150 mA/W [4,19]. In this chapter, we review and summarize the results of our investigation, namely the gain non-linearity between the detection of X-rays and VUV light [20], the gain dependence on temperature [21,22], the behaviour under intense magnetic fields [23], the minimum detection limit, i.e. the minimum number of photons detectable above the noise level, and the statistical fluctuations in VUV photon detection [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of VUV Light with Avalanche Photodiodes

Monteiro¹,

Fernandes²,

Santos³

2011

Photodiodes - Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics

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Excess noise factor in large area avalanche photodiodes for different temperatures

Fernandes¹,

Lopes²,

Santos³

2004

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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The excess noise factor (ENF) of a large area avalanche photodiode was measured as a function of gain for different temperatures, in the À40 to 27 C range. Large-area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPD) are compact, simple to operate, monolithic devices made of silicon p-n junctions. When a reverse high voltage is applied to the LAAPD, the internal electric field increases with depth presenting a maximum around the p-n junction and reaching values high enough to allow electron multiplication by impact ionization [1,2]. An incident photon produces electron-hole pairs and the resulting electrons are accelerated towards the n + contact, undergoing avalanche multiplication due to the high electric field around the junction. Typical gains of several hundred can be achieved in this process.The application of LAAPDs to direct X-ray detection has been investigated [1][2][3][4], mainly to measure charge carrier properties of the device, using X-rays as a reference for visible light measurements [2,3,5,6].The LAAPD dark current affects the achieved detector energy resolution and limits the minimum detectable energy. As dark current is strongly reduced with decreasing temperature, the operation of LAAPDs at reduced temperatures results in improved performance [7][8][9].The performance of a standard LAAPD for Xray and visible-light detection was investigated as a function of the temperature. Dark current, the achieved gain, energy resolution, and minimum detectable energy in X-ray detection were measured for different temperatures [8,11]. Measuring at the same time both X-ray and visible-light pulse

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VUV detection in large-area avalanche photodiodes as a function of temperature

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Detection of VUV photons with large-area avalanche photodiodes

Detection of VUV photons with large-area avalanche photodiodes

Detection of VUV Light with Avalanche Photodiodes

Excess noise factor in large area avalanche photodiodes for different temperatures

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