W(h)ither Fossils? Studying Morphological Character Evolution in the Age of Molecular Sequences<sup>1</sup>

Hermsen, Elizabeth J.; Hendricks, Jonathan R.

doi:10.3417/2006206

Cited by 55 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…This data set was first presented in Doyle and Endress (2000), used with some modifications in Saarela et al (2007), and substantially revised with more taxa and characters in Endress and Doyle (2009) and Doyle and Endress (2010). Theoretically, the ideal approach might be a "total evidence" analysis of a matrix containing molecular and morphological data for living taxa but only morphology for fossils (Springer et al 2001;Hermsen and Hendricks 2008). However, because of theoretical and practical problems in compiling such a matrix, and because statistical support for most molecular relationships has become so strong, we have instead used a "molecular scaffold" approach, in which a morphological matrix of living and fossil taxa is analyzed with the arrangement of living groups constrained to a "backbone tree" based mainly on molecular data.…”

Section: Manuscript Received September 2013; Revised Manuscript Receimentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Early Cretaceous Fossils into the Phylogeny of Living Angiosperms: ANITA Lines and Relatives of Chloranthaceae

Doyle

Endress

2014

International Journal of Plant Sciences

111

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Editor: Patrick S. HerendeenPremise of research. Discoveries of fossil flowers in Cretaceous rocks offer improved evidence for relationships with living clades, but for more secure inferences formal phylogenetic analyses are desirable. We extend previous analyses of magnoliids, monocots, and basal eudicots to Aptian, Albian, and Cenomanian fossils related to the basal "ANITA" lines and Chloranthaceae.Methodology. We performed parsimony analyses of a morphological data set of Recent angiosperms and published fossils, with the arrangement of Recent taxa constrained to backbone trees based primarily on molecular data.Pivotal results. Not only Monetianthus (as previously inferred) but also Carpestella is nested within Nymphaeaceae, while Pluricarpellatia may be a stem relative of Cabombaceae or Nymphaeaceae. Anacostia (with Similipollis pollen) is nested within Austrobaileyales. The position of Couperites (with Clavatipollenites pollen) is ambiguous: it may be on the stem lineage of Chloranthaceae (and Ceratophyllum, if this extant aquatic is related to Chloranthaceae), nested in Chloranthaceae, or more basal. Plants with Asteropollis pollen and reduced tepals are related to the chloranthaceous genus Hedyosmum. Zlatkocarpus, which also has a reduced perianth, may be either a stem relative or a crown group member of Chloranthaceae. Plants that produced loosely reticulate Pennipollis pollen are more likely related to Chloranthaceae and/or Ceratophyllum than to monocots. We confirm that Canrightia, with bisexual flowers and a reduced perianth, is a stem relative of Chloranthaceae. Despite similarities to Piperales, Appomattoxia (with Tucanopollis pollen) is more likely near the base of the ANITA grade or related to Chloranthaceae and/or Ceratophyllum.Conclusions. The Cretaceous rise of angiosperms involved the radiation not only of magnoliids, eudicots, and monocots but also of basal ANITA lines, including both aquatic Nymphaeales and woody groups. Our results reaffirm the early diversity of Chloranthaceae and clarify their floral evolution, in which a shift to unisexual flowers preceded loss of the perianth.

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Section: Manuscript Received September 2013; Revised Manuscript Receimentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Early Cretaceous Fossils into the Phylogeny of Living Angiosperms: ANITA Lines and Relatives of Chloranthaceae

Doyle

Endress

2014

International Journal of Plant Sciences

111

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“…An alternative total evidence approach (Kluge 1989;Hermsen and Hendricks 2008), combining morphological data on both living and fossil taxa with molecular data on the living taxa, might be theoretically preferable. However, it would require resolution of intractable problems of disparate taxon sampling with the two sorts of data (clades as opposed to exemplar species) and compilation of an appropriate molecular data set (sampling of genes across taxa is highly variable).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group: What Have We Learned since 1977?

Doyle¹,

Upchurch²

2014

Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History

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In their 1977 study on Potomac Group angiosperms, Hickey and Doyle made only broad comparisons with living taxa. Newer data, especially discoveries of fossil flowers in the Potomac and coeval deposits and increasingly robust molecular phylogenies of living angiosperms, allow more precise phylogenetic placement of fossils. Hickey and Doyle compared most early Potomac leaves (Aptian-early Albian) with "magnoliids," a paraphyletic group as then defined, but several clades can now be recognized. Leaves and dispersed cuticles share epidermal features with woody members of the basal ANITA grade, and in some cases crown group Austrobaileyales, whose presence is confirmed by flowers called Anacostia. Aptian-Albian flowers (Monetianthus, Carpestella) and whole plants (Pluricarpellatia) are nested in crown group Nymphaeales; Potomac reniform leaves could belong to this clade. Several Potomac leaves have chloranthoid teeth, venation, and opposite phyllotaxis consistent with Chloranthaceae, while Aptian to Cenomanian flowers reveal the presence of both crown group Chloranthaceae (Asteropollis plant, near Hedyosmum) and stem relatives of this family and/or Ceratophyllum (Canrightia, Zlatkocarpus, Pennipollis plant, possibly Appomattoxia). Phylogenetic analyses confirm interpretations of Aptian Liliacidites pollen and Acaciaephyllum as monocots. Ternately lobed leaves such as Vitiphyllum may represent basal eudicots, in or below Ranunculales. In the late Potomac (middle to late Albian), the rise of tricolpate pollen and local dominance of angiosperm leaves mark the influx of near-basal eudicot clades. Associated floral receptacles confirm that Nelumbites leaves were related to Nelumbo (Proteales), while heads of unisexual flowers indicate that both palmately lobed "platanoid" and pinnatifid Sapindopsis leaves (previously compared with rosids) were stem relatives of Platanus (also Proteales). Flowers called Spanomera are related to Buxaceae. Several Albian and early Cenomanian flowers belong to Magnoliidae in the new monophyletic sense, including Archaeanthus in Magnoliales and Virginianthus and Mauldinia in Laurales; Laurales are common in the late Albian leaf record.

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“…The ideal procedure might be to combine morphological and molecular data in a 'total evidence' analysis, with fossils scored as unknown for molecular characters, but this has not been attempted because of problems in representation of living taxa in molecular and morphological data-sets (by species and by a mixture of species and higher taxa, respectively) and choice of molecular data. Instead, Doyle et al (2008), Endress and Endress (2010, 2014) have used a 'molecular scaffold' approach (Springer et al 2001;Hermsen and Hendricks 2008), where a morphological data-set of living and fossil taxa is analysed with the arrangement of living taxa fixed to a 'backbone tree' based on molecular data. In the case of angiosperms, this may be an acceptable approach, as many relationships are so strongly supported by molecular data that they are highly unlikely to be overturned by morphological data from fossils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognising angiosperm clades in the Early Cretaceous fossil record

Doyle

2014

Historical Biology

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Studies of the earliest Cretaceous angiosperms in the 1970s made only broad comparisons with living taxa, but discoveries of fossil flowers and increasingly robust molecular phylogenies of living angiosperms allow more secure recognition of extant clades. The middle to late Albian rise of tricolpate pollen and the first local dominance of angiosperm leaves mark the influx of near-basal lines of eudicots. Associated flowers indicate that palmately lobed 'platanoids' and Sapindopsis are both stem relatives of Platanus, while Nelumbites was related to Nelumbo (also Proteales) and Spanomera to Buxaceae. Monocots are attested by Aptian Liliacidites pollen and Acaciaephyllum leaves and Albian araceous inflorescences. Several Albian-Cenomanian fossils belong to Magnoliidae in the revised monophyletic sense, including Archaeanthus in Magnoliales and Virginianthus and Mauldinia in Laurales, while late Barremian pollen tetrads (Walkeripollis) are related to Winteraceae. In the basal ANITA grade, Nymphaeales are represented by Aptian and Albian flowers and whole plants (Monetianthus, Carpestella and Pluricarpellatia). Epidermal similarities of lower Potomac leaves to woody members of the ANITA grade are consistent with Albian flowers assignable to Austrobaileyales (Anacostia). Aptian to Cenomanian mesofossils represent both crown group Chloranthaceae (Asteropollis plant) and stem relatives of Chloranthaceae and/or Ceratophyllum (Canrightia, Zlatkocarpus, Pennipollis plant and possibly Appomattoxia).

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W(h)ither Fossils? Studying Morphological Character Evolution in the Age of Molecular Sequences¹

Cited by 55 publications

References 142 publications

Integrating Early Cretaceous Fossils into the Phylogeny of Living Angiosperms: ANITA Lines and Relatives of Chloranthaceae

Integrating Early Cretaceous Fossils into the Phylogeny of Living Angiosperms: ANITA Lines and Relatives of Chloranthaceae

Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group: What Have We Learned since 1977?

Recognising angiosperm clades in the Early Cretaceous fossil record

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W(h)ither Fossils? Studying Morphological Character Evolution in the Age of Molecular Sequences1

Cited by 55 publications

References 142 publications

Integrating Early Cretaceous Fossils into the Phylogeny of Living Angiosperms: ANITA Lines and Relatives of Chloranthaceae

Integrating Early Cretaceous Fossils into the Phylogeny of Living Angiosperms: ANITA Lines and Relatives of Chloranthaceae

Angiosperm Clades in the Potomac Group: What Have We Learned since 1977?

Recognising angiosperm clades in the Early Cretaceous fossil record

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W(h)ither Fossils? Studying Morphological Character Evolution in the Age of Molecular Sequences¹