2008
DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.082610
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Waiting for Two Mutations: With Applications to Regulatory Sequence Evolution and the Limits of Darwinian Evolution

Abstract: Results of Nowak and collaborators concerning the onset of cancer due to the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes give the distribution of the time until some individual in a population has experienced two prespecified mutations and the time until this mutant phenotype becomes fixed in the population. In this article we apply these results to obtain insights into regulatory sequence evolution in Drosophila and humans. In particular, we examine the waiting time for a pair of mutations, the first of which inac… Show more

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Cited by 72 publications
(95 citation statements)
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“…However, in all but very small populations, complex adaptations appear to be achieved by the fortuitous appearance of combinations of mutations within single individuals before fixation of any intermediate steps at the population level (e.g., refs. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”
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confidence: 99%
“…However, in all but very small populations, complex adaptations appear to be achieved by the fortuitous appearance of combinations of mutations within single individuals before fixation of any intermediate steps at the population level (e.g., refs. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Badania genetyczne i matematyczne wykazują, że zmiany w genach nie zachodzą na tyle często, by na przeciągu zaledwie kilku milionów lat doprowadzić do powstania jakiegokolwiek organu, narządu lub tym bardziej systemu. Durrett i Schmidt na podstawie danych eksperymentalnych szacują, że w przypadku muszki owocówki (drosophila) około 10 milionów pokoleń musiałoby minąć, by nastąpiła sekwencja dwóch mutacji prowadzących do "przełączenia" w genach z jednego miejsca wiązania czynnika transkrypcyjnego na drugi; w przypadku człowieka musiałoby minąć 162 mln lat [23]. Chyba nie muszę wykazywać, że jedna taka zmiana w genach jeszcze nie doprowadzi do powstania gałki ocznej, nie mówiąc już o całym skomplikowanym aparacie wizyjnym...…”
Section: Rys 3 Schemat Blokowy Sterowania Procesem Akomodacji Oka [19]unclassified
“…I then wrote that ''for humans to achieve a mutation like this by chance, we would have to wait 100 million times 10 million years'' (Behe 2007) (because that is the extrapolated time that it would take to produce 10 20 humans). Durrett andSchmidt (2008, p. 1507) retort that my number ''is 5 million times larger than the calculation we have just given'' using their model (which nonetheless gives a prohibitively long waiting time of 216 million years).…”
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confidence: 90%
“…Generally, when the results of a simple model disagree with observational data, it is an indication that the model is inadequate. Furthermore, Durrett and Schmidt (2008) err in several ways in applying their model to the PfCRT data:…”
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confidence: 99%
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