Wak Engineering Evolution

Armignacco, Paolo; Garzotto, Francesco; Neri, Mauro; Lorenzin, Anna; Ronco, Claudio

doi:10.1159/000368955

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Some attemps to build artificial devices mimicking the nephron were reported in the literature, but they rely on biological tissues or cell mediated transport, and cannot be easily scaled up and transferred to other separation devices [347][348][349] . None of the approaches so far rely on the specific geometry of the U-loop to improve the filtration process.…”

Section: Kidney: An Ultra-efficient and Unconventional Osmotic Exchangermentioning

confidence: 99%

Osmosis, from molecular insights to large-scale applications

2019

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Osmosis is a universal phenomenon occurring in a broad variety of processes and fields. It is the archetype of entropic forces, both trivial in its fundamental expression -the van 't Hoff perfect gas law -and highly subtle in its physical roots. While osmosis is intimately linked with transport across membranes, it also manifests itself as an interfacial transport phenomenon: the so-called diffusio-osmosis and -phoresis, whose consequences are presently actively explored for example for the manipulation of colloidal suspensions or the development of active colloidal swimmers. Here we give a global and unifying view of the phenomenon of osmosis and its consequences with a multi-disciplinary perspective. Pushing the fundamental understanding of osmosis allows one to propose new perspectives for different fields and we highlight a number of examples along these lines, for example introducing the concepts of osmotic diodes, active separation and far from equilibrium osmosis, raising in turn fundamental questions in the thermodynamics of separation. The applications of osmosis are also obviously considerable and span very diverse fields. Here we discuss a selection of phenomena and applications where osmosis shows great promises: osmotic phenomena in membrane science (with recent developments in separation, desalination, reverse osmosis for water purification thanks in particular to the emergence of new nanomaterials); applications in biology and health (in particular discussing the kidney filtration process); osmosis and energy harvesting (in particular, osmotic power and blue energy as well as capacitive mixing); applications in detergency and cleaning, as well as for oil recovery in porous media.to counteract the flow: the applied pressure is then equal to the osmotic pressure. solute semi-permeable membrane hydrostatic pressure drop relaxation Fig. 1 : Key manifestation of osmosis. A semi-permeable membrane allows transport of water upon a solute concentration difference (in red). The flow of water is directed from the fresh water reservoir to the concentrated reservoir.Osmosis is therefore extremely simple in its expression. Yet it is one of the most subtle physics phenomenon in its roots -it resulted in many debates over years 1,2 . Osmosis also implies subtle J o u r n a l N a me , [ y e a r ] , [ v o l . ] , 1-43 | 1 arXiv:1902.06219v2 [cond-mat.soft] 6 May 2019 2 | 1-43 J o u r n a l N a me , [ y e a r ] , [ v o l . ] , .Noting then that for small pressure drops, µ w (T, p (r) , 0)0) the molec-J o u r n a l N a me , [ y e a r ] , [ v o l . ] , 1-43 | 3where L hyd = κ hyd A /(ηL) is the solvent permeance through the 4 | 1-43 J o u r n a l N a me , [ y e a r ] , [ v o l . ] , 6 | 1-43 J o u r n a l N a me , [ y e a r ] , [ v o l . ] ,

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Section: Kidney: An Ultra-efficient and Unconventional Osmotic Exchangermentioning

confidence: 99%

Osmosis, from molecular insights to large-scale applications

2019

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“…Tissue engineered devices, such as the RAD and the BRECS, have revealed the therapeutic value in replacing the lost metabolic, endocrine and immunological functions of the kidney, however impediments to long term delivery of cell therapy remain. As technological advancements are made in miniaturization of medical devices, interest in portable dialysis systems is increasing as is recognition of PD as a viable platform for a sustainable wearable artificial kidney (Kim and Ronco ; Davenport, ; Armignacco et al ., ). A large animal model of uremia sustained using 24 h continuously recirculating CFPD was developed to demonstrate a WeBAK based on this modality.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Development of a wearable bioartificial kidney using the Bioartificial Renal Epithelial Cell System (BRECS)

Johnston

Westover

Rojas-Peña

et al. 2016

J Tissue Eng Regen Med

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Cell therapy for the treatment of renal failure in the acute setting has proved successful, with therapeutic impact, yet development of a sustainable, portable bioartificial kidney for treatment of chronic renal failure has yet to be realized. Challenges in maintaining an anticoagulated blood circuit, the typical platform for solute clearance and support of the biological components, have posed a major hurdle in advancement of this technology. This group has developed a Bioartificial Renal Epithelial Cell System (BRECS) capable of differentiated renal cell function while sustained by body fluids other than blood. To evaluate this device for potential use in end-stage renal disease, a large animal model was established that exploits peritoneal dialysis fluid for support of the biological device and delivery of cell therapy while providing uraemic control. Anephric sheep received a continuous flow peritoneal dialysis (CFPD) circuit that included a BRECS. Sheep were treated with BRECS containing 1 × 10 renal epithelial cells or acellular sham devices for up to 7 days. The BRECS cell viability and activity were maintained with extracorporeal peritoneal fluid circulation. A systemic immunological effect of BRECS therapy was observed as cell-treated sheep retained neutrophil oxidative activity better than sham-treated animals. This model demonstrates that use of the BRECS within a CFPD circuit embodies a feasible approach to a sustainable and effective wearable bioartificial kidney. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Achieving these goals will require innovative technological developments in the field of: membranes (smart biocompatible nanotechnology-produced membranes or composite membranes containing specific sorbents) [43]; dialysis fluid regeneration with cation exchange sorbent systems and enzyme technology [44]; highly efficient pumping systems both for blood and dialysis fluids; anticoagulation and nonthrombogenic surfaces for clotting avoidance, and a safe vascular access for a therapy that should operate continuously [45]. Developments in bioelectronics and semiconductor technologies have made possible to design circuits that can be integrated into a single chip and consume less power.…”

Section: The Future In Medical Devices That Will Revolutionize the Trmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Intelligence for the Artificial Kidney: Pointers to the Future of a Personalized Hemodialysis Therapy

et al. 2018

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Background: Current dialysis devices are not able to react when unexpected changes occur during dialysis treatment or to learn about experience for therapy personalization. Furthermore, great efforts are dedicated to develop miniaturized artificial kidneys to achieve a continuous and personalized dialysis therapy, in order to improve the patient’s quality of life. These innovative dialysis devices will require a real-time monitoring of equipment alarms, dialysis parameters, and patient-related data to ensure patient safety and to allow instantaneous changes of the dialysis prescription for the assessment of their adequacy. The analysis and evaluation of the resulting large-scale data sets enters the realm of “big data” and will require real-time predictive models. These may come from the fields of machine learning and computational intelligence, both included in artificial intelligence, a branch of engineering involved with the creation of devices that simulate intelligent behavior. The incorporation of artificial intelligence should provide a fully new approach to data analysis, enabling future advances in personalized dialysis therapies. With the purpose to learn about the present and potential future impact on medicine from experts in artificial intelligence and machine learning, a scientific meeting was organized in the Hospital Universitari Bellvitge (L’Hospitalet, Barcelona). As an outcome of that meeting, the aim of this review is to investigate artificial intel ligence experiences on dialysis, with a focus on potential barriers, challenges, and prospects for future applications of these technologies. Summary and Key Messages: Artificial intelligence research on dialysis is still in an early stage, and the main challenge relies on interpretability and/or comprehensibility of data models when applied to decision making. Artificial neural networks and medical decision support systems have been used to make predictions about anemia, total body water, or intradialysis hypotension and are promising approaches for the prescription and monitoring of hemodialysis therapy. Current dialysis machines are continuously improving due to innovative technological developments, but patient safety is still a key challenge. Real-time monitoring systems, coupled with automatic instantaneous biofeedback, will allow changing dialysis prescriptions continuously. The integration of vital sign monitoring with dialysis parameters will produce large data sets that will require the use of data analysis techniques, possibly from the area of machine learning, in order to make better decisions and increase the safety of patients.

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Wak Engineering Evolution

Cited by 24 publications

References 17 publications

Osmosis, from molecular insights to large-scale applications

Osmosis, from molecular insights to large-scale applications

Development of a wearable bioartificial kidney using the Bioartificial Renal Epithelial Cell System (BRECS)

Artificial Intelligence for the Artificial Kidney: Pointers to the Future of a Personalized Hemodialysis Therapy

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