“…In the past, the flow inside turbines has been explored mainly numerically (Denton and Pullan, 2012;Sieverding and Manna, 2020) or by using pressure measurements (Klimko and Okresa, 2016;Ilieva, 2017;Klimko et al, 2021;Porreca et al, 2007). Our recent work uses Particle Image Velocimetry to map flow in some selected planar area past the rotor (Duda et al, 2021) or stator wheel (Duda et al, 2024). Very interesting apparatus exists at Baltimore university: their experimental configuration uses turbines made of transparent materials (Chow et al, 2002;Uzol et al, 2002).…”