Waldverjüngung und Totholz in Sturmflächen 10 Jahre nach Lothar und 20 Jahre nach Vivian

Wohlgemuth, Thomas; Kramer, Kathrin

doi:10.3188/szf.2015.0135

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Our data provide more evidence for a protection gap related to shallow landslides and debris flows, with clear peaks in the years 2002 mainly on sites affected by Vivian (1990) and 2005 mainly on sites affected by Lothar (1999). This is in line with research on roots, which shows that the root reinforcement of disturbed mountain forests is strongly reduced 2-3 years after the trees have died, and that the Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…5), with on average 6000-8000 stems ha -1 below 1200 m a.s.l. 10 years post-storm (Lothar; empty circles) and densities falling to \4000 stems ha -1 20 years post-storm (Vivian; filled circles) at elevations above 1500 m a.s.l (Wohlgemuth and Kramer 2015). The percentage of advance regeneration (dotted line) decreased from broadleaved forests of mainly European beech (Fagus sylvatica) at lower elevations (mostly Lothar areas) to coniferous forests mainly dominated by Norway spruce at higher elevations (mostly Vivian areas).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Post-windthrow management in protection forests of the Swiss Alps

Wohlgemuth

Schwitter²,

Bebi³

et al. 2017

Eur J Forest Res

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The two storms Vivian (1990) and Lothar (1999) left an area of roughly 9000 ha of fully damaged protection forests in Swiss mountain regions. Given this huge dimension, questions arose on how to manage these areas to keep the protection gap, i.e. the time period with reduced overall protection against natural hazards, short. Quantifications are presented for the stability of lying logs left in place, the frequency of post-disturbance mass movements, and the tree regeneration in windthrow areas. The average height above ground of unsalvaged lying logs decreased from 2.1 m shortly after disturbance to 0.8 m 20 years later. In the period 1990-2014, the number of avalanches in windthrow areas was markedly small, and annual rates of shallow landslides and debris flows in windthrow areas did not differ from rates in comparable undamaged forested areas. Regeneration density rarely exceeded 4000 stems ha -1 20 years post-windthrow at elevations above 1200-1500 m a.s.l. Mean height of tallest trees reached 5.6 m in areas that were cleared and 6.5 m in those left unsalvaged. Trees planted postwindthrow were 1.0-2.4 m taller than naturally regenerated ones. Practitioners rated the protective effect to be acceptable 24 years post-disturbance in only 5 out from 16 observed windthrow areas (31%), with planting trees as the main cause of success. We conclude that in protection forests the regeneration speed after disturbance rarely meets practitioner's expectations in terms of both stem density and stand structure. However, leaving woody debris from wind disturbance in place proved to replace protective effects for an astonishingly long time. An intensive management with salvage logging, planting and even technical constructions seems therefore only inevitable on windthrown areas where risks seem too high based on hazard, damage potential and possible spread of bark beetles to nearby protection forests. A management alternative applicable to many other cases of windthrown protection forests is to plant trees between lying stems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-windthrow management in protection forests of the Swiss Alps

Wohlgemuth

Schwitter²,

Bebi³

et al. 2017

Eur J Forest Res

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“…The Swiss timber industry was only able to process a fraction of the large quantities of timber salvaged from these two wind disturbance events due to insufficient transportation capacities, which resulted in a loss of timber quality [17]. As a result, high volumes of deadwood were left in the forest, averaging 275 m 3 ha −1 for both storms [96], and thus considerably exceeding the minimum deadwood volumes proposed by Müller and Bütler [97] in a conservation context (20-50 m 3 ha −1 ). A total of 49% of the Swiss forests are defined as protective forests against natural hazards, such as avalanches and rockfall, which highlights the importance of quickly recovering the functions of these forests after a storm event [17,22].…”

Section: Switzerlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Management Response to Wind Disturbances in European Forests

et al. 2021

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Purpose of the Review The review synthesises the current knowledge of post-windstorm management in selected European countries in order to identify knowledge gaps and guide future research. Recent Findings Despite the differences in forest ownership and national regulations, management experiences in Europe converge at (1) the need for mechanization of post-windthrow management to ensure operator safety, (2) the importance to promote operator training and optimise the coordination between all the actors involved in disturbance management and (3) the need to implement measures to consolidate the timber market while restoring forest ecosystem services and maintain biodiversity. Summary Windstorms are natural disturbances that drive forest dynamics but also result in socio-economic losses. As the frequency and magnitude of wind disturbances will likely increase in the future, improved disturbance management is needed. We here highlight the best practices and remaining challenges regarding the strategic, operational, economic and environmental dimensions of post-windthrow management in Europe. Our literature review underlined that post-disturbance management needs to be tailored to each individual situation, taking into account the type of forest, site conditions, available resources and respective legislations. The perspectives on windthrown timber differ throughout Europe, ranging from leaving trees on site to storing them in sophisticated wet storage facilities. Salvage logging is considered important in forests susceptible to bark beetle outbreaks, while no salvage logging is recommended in forests protecting against natural hazards. Remaining research gaps include questions of balancing between the positive and negative effects of salvage logging and integrating climate change considerations more explicitly in post-windthrow management.

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“…2010 ), and to date the most researched. In particular, the storms “Vivian and Wiebke” in February 1990 gave rise to intense research effort on windthrow in Switzerland and Germany (Fischer & Fischer, 2009 ; Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, 2001 ; Schönenberger et al., 1995 ; Wohlgemuth & Kramer, 2015 ). In parallel with the findings in other biomes, the studies showed positive effects of windthrow and bark beetle attacks on biodiversity, for example, in the Bavarian National Park (Bässler & Müller, 2010 ; Bässler et al., 2012 ; Lehnert et al., 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term development of species richness in a central European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest affected by windthrow—Support for the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

Meyer

Schmidt

Feldmann

et al. 2021

Ecology and Evolution

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On the basis of long‐term surveys of permanent plots and traps, we examined the communities of saproxylic beetles, fungi, herbs, and trees on an untreated 22 ha large beech forest windthrow and asked whether the results lend support to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH). We studied species richness and the similarity of community composition. Additionally, we grouped species by their frequency trend over time to successional model types to examine whether, corresponding to the IDH, the diversity of these groups explained peak richness at intermediate intervals after the disturbance. In line with the IDH, species richness showed a hump‐backed temporal course for alpha and gamma diversity. We found evidence for a linear succession directly after the disturbance. This, however, did not continue, and in all species groups, a partial recovery of the initial community was observed. In the case of fungi, herbs, and trees, but not for saproxylic beetles, alpha diversity was driven by the diversity of the successional model types. Our results underline that the mechanisms driving species richness after disturbances are more complex than the IDH suggests and that these mechanisms vary with species group. We assumed that, besides competition, legacy effects, facilitation, habitat heterogeneity, and random saturation of the species pool are important. In case of trees and herbs, we found indications for strong legacy and competition effects. For fungi and beetles, substrate heterogeneity and microclimate were assumed to be important. We concluded that disturbances contribute to increasing species richness not only by reducing the effectiveness of competitors but also by increasing the amount and diversity of resources, as well as their rate of change over time.

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Waldverjüngung und Totholz in Sturmflächen 10 Jahre nach Lothar und 20 Jahre nach Vivian

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

Post-windthrow management in protection forests of the Swiss Alps

Post-windthrow management in protection forests of the Swiss Alps

The Management Response to Wind Disturbances in European Forests

Long‐term development of species richness in a central European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest affected by windthrow—Support for the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

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