“…Intracellular glutamine concentration varies between 2 and 20 mM (depending on cell type) whereas its extracellular concentration averages 0.7 mM (Newsholme et al, 2003b). Glutamine plays an essential role, promoting and maintaining function of various organs and cells such as kidney (Conjard et al, 2002), intestine (Lima et al, 1992;Ramos Lima et al, 2002), liver (de Souza et al, 2001), heart (Khogali et al, 2002), neurons (Mates et al, 2002), lymphocytes , macrophages , neutrophils Pithon-Curi et al, 2002a, 2003bPithon-Curi et al, 2003), pancreatic b-cells (Skelly et al, 1998), and white adipocytes (Curi et al, 1987;Kowalchuk et al, 1988). At the most basic level, glutamine serves as important fuel in these cells and tissues.…”