“…The essence of visual ethnography, as a research methodology that using the theories and practices of various visual approaches to understand the world (Pink, 2021), is to visit the local area in person and document in photos worthy of research for the local area. Visual ethnography, as employed in this study, involves the use of photography and walking as a means (P. Liu, 2018Liu, , 2021Liu, , 2022 to explore and document the graffiti art in urban spaces as Macau. In the context of graffiti, visual ethnography allows researchers to capture the visual expressions, styles, and messages conveyed by graffiti artists in Macau.…”