Walking speed, unilateral leg loading, and step symmetry in young adults

Kodesh, Einat; Kafri, Michal; Dar, Gali; Dickstein, Ruth

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.08.008

Cited by 44 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…About frequency condition, the knee and hip were respectively 5% and 15% more flexed at low compared to high frequency. Likewise, and consistent with Kodesh et al (2012), we observed that some participants lost the contact at high frequency at the end of this phase because of a heel-off. Thereby, they had to adapt their movements as a result.…”

Section: Joint Anglessupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The step length asymmetry (mean of 1.48; reference value 1.00) at high frequency might be attributed to the greater hydrodynamic resistance and buoyancy force produced in addition to, as we mentioned before, the lower stability of the body and the decrease of perceptual responses (Masumoto et al, 2009). Other studies that have analysed the symmetry of step length on land, observed that the speed did not affect the symmetry in healthy adults (symmetry ratio of 1.03) (Kodesh, Kafri, Dar, & Dickstein, 2012;Patterson et al, 2012). Thus, we conclude that when investigators assess walking in water, an increase of asymmetry (22% for low and 51% for high frequency) due to the effect of the properties of the water mentioned above is expected.…”

Section: Ic Fsmentioning

confidence: 64%

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Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking forward and backward in water at different stride frequencies

Cadenas-Sánchez

Arellano

Taladriz

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The aim of this study was to examine spatiotemporal characteristics and joint angles during forward and backward walking in water at low and high stride frequency. Eight healthy adults (22.1 ± 1.1 years) walked forward and backward underwater at low (50 pulses) and high frequency (80 pulses) at the xiphoid process level with arms crossed at the chest. The main differences observed were that the participants presented a greater speed (0.58 vs. 0.85 m/s) and more asymmetry of the step length (1.24 vs. 1.48) at high frequency whilst the stride and step length (0.84 vs. 0.7 m and 0.43 vs. 0.35 m, respectively) were lower compared to low frequency (P < 0.05). Support phase duration was higher at forward walking than backward walking (61.2 vs. 59.0%). At initial contact, we showed that during forward walking, the ankle and hip presented more flexion than during backward walking (ankle: 84.0 vs. 91.8º and hip: 22.8 vs. 8.0º; P < 0.001). At final stance, the knee and hip were more flexed at low frequency than at high frequency (knee: 150.0 vs. 157.0º and hip: -12.2 vs. -14.5º; P < 0.001). The knee angle showed more flexion at forward walking (134.0º) than backward walking (173.1º) (P < 0.001). In conclusion, these results show how forward and backward walking in water at different frequencies differ and contribute to a better understanding of this activity in training and rehabilitation.

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Section: Joint Anglessupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Ic Fsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking forward and backward in water at different stride frequencies

Cadenas-Sánchez

Arellano

Taladriz

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…One of the parts of the GRF analysis is the computation of impulses of force in individual subphases of the gait stance phase. Specific information can be obtained from symmetry indices (SI), computed from basic temporal and force variables (Cigali, Ulucam, Yilmaz, & Cakiroglu, 2004;Kodesh, Kafri, Dar, & Dickstein, 2012;Michalski, Wit, & Gajewski, 2011;Shorter, Polk, Rosengren, & Hsiao-Wecksler, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

System of gait analysis based on ground reaction force assessment

Vaverka¹,

Elfmark²,

Svoboda³

et al. 2015

Acta Gymnica

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Background: Biomechanical analysis of gait employs various methods used in kinematic and kinetic analysis, EMG, and others. One of the most frequently used methods is kinetic analysis based on the assessment of the ground reaction forces (GRF) recorded on two force plates. Objective: The aim of the study was to present a method of gait analysis based on the assessment of the GRF recorded during the stance phase of two steps. Methods: The GRF recorded with a force plate on one leg during stance phase has three components acting in directions: Fx -mediolateral, Fy -anteroposterior, and Fz -vertical. A custom-written MATLAB script was used for gait analysis in this study. This software displays instantaneous force data for both legs as Fx(t), Fy(t) and Fz(t) curves, automatically determines the extremes of functions and sets the visual markers defining the individual points of interest. Positions of these markers can be easily adjusted by the rater, which may be necessary if the GRF has an atypical pattern. The analysis is fully automated and analyzing one trial takes only 1-2 minutes. Results: The method allows quantification of temporal variables of the extremes of the Fx(t), Fy(t), Fz(t) functions, durations of the braking and propulsive phase, duration of the double support phase, the magnitudes of reaction forces in extremes of measured functions, impulses of force, and indices of symmetry. The analysis results in a standardized set of 78 variables (temporal, force, indices of symmetry) which can serve as a basis for further research and diagnostics. Conclusions: The resulting set of variable offers a wide choice for selecting a specific group of variables with consideration to a particular research topic. The advantage of this method is the standardization of the GRF analysis, low time requirements allowing rapid analysis of a large number of trials in a short time, and comparability of the variables obtained during different research measurements.

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“…Adding weight to one leg has been shown to induce asymmetry in both kinetics and kinematics (Haddad et al, 2006; Kodesh et al, 2012; Smith & Martin, 2007). Thus, the HR should change as the asymmetry increases with increased loading.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subject walked to the beat of a metronome to maintain consistent cadence and was instructed to take the same number of steps to maintain gait speed. A unilateral load was applied via cuff weights secured around the right ankle (masses of 0, 0.45, 1.36, and 2.27kg) (Kodesh, et al, 2012). Identification of heel contact for stride segmentation was determined using footswitches.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harmonic ratios: A quantification of step to step symmetry

Bellanca

Lowry

VanSwearingen

et al. 2013

Journal of Biomechanics

138

123

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The harmonic ratio (HR), derived from Fourier analysis of trunk accelerations, has been described in various ways as a measure of walking smoothness, walking rhythmicity, or dynamic stability. There is increasing interest in applying the HR technique to investigate the impact of various pathologies on locomotion; however, explanation of the method has been limited. The aim hereis to present a clear description of the mathematical basis of HRs and an understanding of their interpretation. We present harmonic theory, the interpretation of the HR using sinusoidal signals, and an exampleusing actual trunk accelerations and harmonic analyses during limb-loading conditions. We suggest that the HR method may be better defined, not as a measure of rhythmicity or stability, but as a measure of step-to-step symmetry within a stride.

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Walking speed, unilateral leg loading, and step symmetry in young adults

Cited by 44 publications

References 30 publications

Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking forward and backward in water at different stride frequencies

Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking forward and backward in water at different stride frequencies

System of gait analysis based on ground reaction force assessment

Harmonic ratios: A quantification of step to step symmetry

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