Wall shear stress in the human common carotid artery as function of age and gender

Samijo, Steven K.; Willigers, Jean M.; Barkhuysen, R.; Kitslaar, Peter J.E.H.M.; Reneman, Robert S.; Brands, Peter J.; Hoeks, Arnold P.G.

doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(98)00074-1

Cited by 161 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, no significant difference between wall shear stress calculated in men and women was observed. This result has been previously demonstrated in the carotid artery (30).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Finally, it could be pointed out that the absence of characterization of the peak wall shear stress could be a limitation because it has been shown that, at the level of elastic conduit arteries, the peak shear stress can be higher in men than in women at similar mean wall shear stresses (30). However, in our study, if the peak shear stress would have been the main determinant of the flow-mediated response, a higher peak shear stress in men in presence of a similar flowdependent response at the same mean shear stress level would have been associated with a lower flowdependent dilatation in this group when compared at peak shear stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of vascular dimension on gender difference in flow-dependent dilatation of peripheral conduit arteries

Joannidès¹,

Costentin²,

Iacob³

et al. 2002

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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-To assess the influence of initial diameter on the gender difference in flow-dependent dilatation (FDD) of the conduit artery, we measured radial artery internal diameter (echotracking), flow (Doppler) and total blood viscosity in 24 healthy (25 Ϯ 0.8 yr) men and women during reactive hyperemia (RH) and during a gradual hand skin heating (SH). At baseline, mean diameter (men, 2.76 Ϯ 0.09 vs. women, 2.32 Ϯ 0.07 mm, P Ͻ 0.05), flow (men, 21 Ϯ 4 vs. women, 10 Ϯ 1 ml/min, P Ͻ 0.05), and blood viscosity (men, 4.13 Ϯ 0.07 vs. women, 3.92 Ϯ 0.13 cP, P Ͻ 0.05) were higher in men but mean shear stress (MSS) was not different between groups. During RH, the percent increase in diameter was lower in men (men, 9 Ϯ 1 vs. women, 13 Ϯ 1%, P Ͻ 0.05). This difference was suppressed after correction for baseline diameter. During SH, the increase in diameter with flow was higher in women (P Ͻ 0.01). However, the increase in MSS was higher in women because of their smaller diameter at each level of flow (P Ͻ 0.01) and there was no difference between groups for the increase in diameter at each level of MSS. These results demonstrate in a direct manner that initial diameter influences the magnitude of FDD of conduit arteries in humans by modifying the value of the arterial wall shear stress at each level of flow and support the interest of the heating method in presence of heterogeneous groups. endothelium; shear stress; skin heating; vasodilatation CONDUIT ARTERY FLOW-DEPENDENT vasodilatation is a fundamental mechanism that regulates vascular conductance at rest and during exercise and maintains wall shear stress within physiological values (3,22,28). This vasodilatation is mainly mediated by the endothelium release of nitric oxide (NO) in response to shear stress (17,22). Postischemic hyperemia, by increase of artery flow, is currently used in clinical studies (1,6,11,17,20,23) for noninvasive evaluation of flowdependent dilatation and is considered (i.e., by comparison with the vasodilating effect of exogenous NO) an index of endothelium-derived NO bioavailability. Gender differences in flow-dependent dilatation have been reported with a higher magnitude of conduit artery flow response in nonmenopausal women when compared with age-matched men, an effect that was considered as a consequence of the positive effect of endogenous estrogens on the bioavailability of NO (11,21). However, despite the fact that numerous studies (2, 7, 12-14, 24, 26) support this positive effect of estrogens on NO bioavailability, when the initial value of arterial diameter is taken into consideration in the statistical analysis, the increase in diameter appears similar between men and women (21). This suggests that gender difference could be the consequence of the larger baseline diameter observed in the men (11,20,21). Indeed, for the same increase in flow, because of higher diameter in men, the increase in shear stress during hyperemia could have been smaller in men than in women and thus may explain these different results. Because of technical limit...

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“…However, no significant difference between wall shear stress calculated in men and women was observed. This result has been previously demonstrated in the carotid artery (30).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of vascular dimension on gender difference in flow-dependent dilatation of peripheral conduit arteries

Joannidès¹,

Costentin²,

Iacob³

et al. 2002

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…It is kept constant, at least in the short term, thus contributing to the regulation of arterial tone and blood flow in order to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues (Rubanyi et al 1990;Hudlicka and Brown 2009).of the arterial wall and a strong predictor of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality (Vlachopoulos et al 2010). We have previously reported that in healthy individuals, wall shear stress decreases with age (Gnasso et al 1996), and this finding has been confirmed by others (Schmidt-Trucksäss et al 1999;Reneman et al 1986;Samijo et al 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 64%

“…The finding that peak wall shear stress in women remains constant is apparently in contrast with previous cross-sectional studies demonstrating an inverse correlation between wall shear stress and age. In the study by Samijo et al (1998), for example, a significant inverse correlation has been reported both in men and women. However, in that study, restricting the analysis to the older subjects comparable in age with the present population, it can be observed that in women, peak wall shear stress does not decrease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Human common carotid wall shear stress as a function of age and gender: a 12-year follow-up study

Irace

Carallo

Franceschi

et al. 2011

AGE

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Hemodynamic forces play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. Their variations with age have been assessed in cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate in both sexes the age-dependent change in wall shear stress and arterial stiffness in subjects studied twice 12 years apart. Forty-eight subjects (15 women and 33 men) were studied twice 12 years apart. Subjects underwent blood viscosity measurement and echo-Doppler of carotid arteries, from which the intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured and the wall shear stress and Peterson's elastic modulus were calculated. Blood viscosity increased in both sexes, more markedly in women (+13.2%) than men (+7.2%). Common carotid diameter increased in both sexes, but in men (+7.4%) more than in women (+5.5%). Peak and mean velocity decreased at follow-up by 10.7% and 18.9% in women and by 14.2% and 18.1% in men. Peak and mean shear stress significantly decreased in men by 13.0% and 17.5%, respectively, while in women only the mean shear stress was reduced (−11.8%). The IMT of the common carotid artery increased by 29% in women and 20% in men. Arterial stiffness significantly increased (+74.5% in women and +28.0% in men). The percent change in mean shear stress was significantly and inversely associated with the percent change in IMT. The data of this study show that, in a middle-aged population observed for almost 12 years, the mean shear stress decreases significantly in both sexes, while peak shear stress decreases significantly only in men. The change in mean shear stress is inversely associated with changes in IMT. Arterial stiffness, on the other hand, increases with aging.

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“…The peak systolic WSR values measured in vivo with the proposed method are higher than those typically reported in the literature for the common carotid arteries (11,(13)(14)(15)(16)20,22) but within the range of normal values in healthy individuals (1,3,21,(28)(29)(30)(31). Reported ranges of carotid WSR and WSS values in healthy volunteers vary significantly across the literature, in particular when comparing different techniques (11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Feasibility of in vivo measurement of carotid wall shear rate using spiral fourier velocity encoded MRI

Carvalho

Nielsen

Nayak

2010

Magnetic Resonance in Med

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Arterial wall shear stress is widely believed to influence the formation and growth of atherosclerotic plaque; however, there is currently no gold standard for its in vivo measurement. The use of phase contrast MRI has proved to be challenging due to partial-volume effects and inadequate signal-to-noise ratio at the high spatial resolutions that are required. This work evaluates the use of spiral Fourier velocity encoded MRI as a rapid method for assessing wall shear rate in the carotid arteries. Wall shear rate is calculated from velocity histograms in voxels spanning the blood/vessel wall interface, using a method Atherosclerosis affects over 18 million Americans. The associated formation, growth, and rupture of intraarterial plaque represent the fundamental process leading to myocardial infarction and thrombotic stroke. Arterial wall shear stress (WSS)-the drag force acting on the endothelium as a result of blood flow-is widely believed to influence the formation and growth of atherosclerotic plaque and may have prognostic value. WSS can be estimated as the product of wall shear rate (WSR) and blood viscosity (µ), where WSR is the radial gradient of blood flow velocity (dv /dr) at the vessel wall. Low WSS (1,2) and highly oscillatory WSS (3) have been linked to the formation and growth of atherosclerotic plaques, and this link has been validated in vitro (4). High WSS has also been hypothesized as a factor responsible for the topography of atherosclerotic lesions (5). Serial and noninvasive WSS measurement would be of value to the in vivo testing of these hypotheses and to better our understanding of the causal relationships between hemodynamics and the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation, growth, and rupture.Direct methods for measuring WSS are highly invasive and/or can only be used in conjunction with in vitro models (6-8). Indirect methods for measuring WSS are based on extrapolation of the measured axial velocity profile near the vessel wall (9), which can be measured by either ultrasound (10,11) or MRI (11-16). The accuracy of such methods is limited by data quality and the spatial resolution of the velocity estimates. Particularly, phase contrast (PC) MRI suffers from partial-volume effects (17) and inadequate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at high spatial resolutions (Fig. 1). PC is not currently capable of providing accurate absolute measurements of WSS (18) and has been shown to underestimate blood flow velocities in the carotid bifurcation by 31-39% (19). An alternative approach for estimating WSS is to reconstruct a complex flow field via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, using vascular geometries and input/output functions derived from noninvasive imaging data (20)(21)(22). This approach is computationally intense and may be sensitive to many assumptions and simplifications that are frequently made about the properties of blood and endothelium. CFD is also limited in modeling wall compliance and is sensitive to boundary conditions (11).In 1995, Frayne and Rutt (23) proposed a no...

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Wall shear stress in the human common carotid artery as function of age and gender

Abstract: These observations suggest that the reduction in mean wall shear stress with age results from the concomitant increase in diameter in an attempt of the arterial system to limit the reduction in storage capacity of the arterial system with increasing age.

Cited by 161 publications

References 29 publications

Influence of vascular dimension on gender difference in flow-dependent dilatation of peripheral conduit arteries

Influence of vascular dimension on gender difference in flow-dependent dilatation of peripheral conduit arteries

Human common carotid wall shear stress as a function of age and gender: a 12-year follow-up study

Feasibility of in vivo measurement of carotid wall shear rate using spiral fourier velocity encoded MRI

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