Walnut oil deacidification by liquid–liquid extraction with ethanol in a single- and multistage crossflow process

Orm, Roua Bou; Citeau, Morgane; Comitis, Audrey; Savoire, Raphaëlle; Harscoat–Schiavo, Christelle; Carré, Patrick; Leao, Jean David; Joffre, Florent

doi:10.1051/ocl/2020029

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Walnut oil can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. It can be extracted easily by cold pressing [44] for a final product of high quality, according to the increasing consumer demand, as in France [45]. Moreover, after oil extraction a by-product of walnut oil processing is received, called "walnut press-cake", which is suitable to substitute a part of wheat flour in preparation of bread, cookies, and sweet cakes, resulting in added value products enriched with health enhancing compounds [46].…”

Section: Quality Characteristics Based On Consumer-perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Girdling Effects on Fruit Maturity, Kernel Quality, and Nutritional Value of Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) alongside the Effects on Leaf Physiological Characteristics

Christopoulos¹,

Kafkaletou²,

Karantzi

et al. 2021

Agronomy

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Girdling, based on the accumulation of photosynthetic products above the girdling zone, is a common technique applied to tree species to increase the yield and fruit quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the girdling effects on photosynthesis and soluble sugars (Sols) of leaves in fruiting shoots and, for the first time, on quality variables of ‘Franquette’ walnuts harvested at two harvests, early and late, 43 and 84 d after treatment, respectively. Girdling was conducted on a part of four-year old branches at the onset of kernel growth. At late harvest, coinciding with commercial harvest, girdling advanced the mature fruit percentage, kernel weight, and oil content, whereas decreased kernel moisture and slightly affected the color brightness, although kernels remained with an extra light color. Advanced maturation increased linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) fraction in oil, whereas it decreased palmitic acid and the saturated fatty acid (SFA) fraction in oil, kernel total antioxidants, and Sols (sucrose, glucose, fructose) in kernels and leaves and leaf photosynthesis (Pn), whereas girdling had no effect on these variables. Oil rancidity remained stable throughout the experiment. Development of callus was observed on tree wounds 84 d after treatment. Conclusively, girdling enhanced the fruit maturation, resulting in higher uniformity of maturity and increased oil yield with no quality deterioration or apparent tree damage.

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Section: Quality Characteristics Based On Consumer-perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Girdling Effects on Fruit Maturity, Kernel Quality, and Nutritional Value of Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) alongside the Effects on Leaf Physiological Characteristics

Christopoulos¹,

Kafkaletou²,

Karantzi

et al. 2021

Agronomy

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“…Per year (€/year) Per ton of seed processed (€/t) It turns out that the best trade-off is obtained using solvents with between 82.8 and 88.6% ethanol (Bou Orm et al, 2020).…”

Section: Categorymentioning

confidence: 99%

About solvents used in the preparation of oils for cosmetic products complying with the Cosmos standard

Carré

2021

OCL

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Solvents have a bad reputation in the cosmetics world, at least as regards the production of specialty vegetable oils used in this market. In order to do without these solvents, the cosmetics industry tends to use only mechanically produced oils. However, there is a range of seeds for which mechanical extraction is not satisfactory. This is the case with rare, expensive, and oil-poor seeds for which pressing does not give good yields, and results in high production costs. These are also hard seeds that cannot be pressed without causing the presses to become intensely hot, and this affects the quality of the oils. In recent years, our laboratory has worked on the development of extraction techniques with ethanol and the EcoXtract® solvent (2-methyloxolane) in order to provide professionals with production methods compatible with the COSMOS standard. Ethanol is not a good solvent for oils, especially in the presence of water and at low temperature. This drawback can be turned into an advantage to recover the oil (without distillation of the solvent) by cold decantation. The extraction is carried out on the hot components, and the oil is recovered by cooling the saturated miscella for the precipitation of the lipid phase. This process makes it possible to limit the energy consumption necessary for the recovery of the oil and the regeneration of the solvent. The great advantage for oils intended for the cosmetic market is that ethanol has a better solvent power for polar lipids compared to hexane and mechanical extraction. It is possible to split the lipid extract into neutral lipids and polar lipids by adjusting the precipitation temperature or by partial distillation. At the refining step, it is also possible to deacidify and remove contaminants from crude oil by liquid-liquid extraction with ethanol. We have recently obtained interesting results by reducing the phthalate concentration of walnut oils by 90%. The use of ethanol for oil neutralization is a process which generates less loss of neutral oil than the alkaline neutralization of a mixture with high acidity, and this is less harmful than physical refining during the production of 3-MCPD esters, esters of glycidol, and trans fatty acids. EcoXtract® is a solvent derived from the chemistry of pentoses in biomass. This solvent has very good oil solvation capacities and less biological toxicity than hexane. Its production has an acceptable carbon footprint and good sustainability characteristics. It is recognised by Ecocert as suitable for producing COSMOS ingredients. Compared to ethanol, its use requires fewer preparation steps (ethanol requires rigorous drying before extraction) and it requires less circulating solvent per kilo of oil extracted. The solvent removal from the meal requires less energy and allows the use of direct steam to aid in the removal of the solvent since the miscibility of water in this solvent is limited to 4.5 g/100g.

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“…The society is now looking much more on the naturality of the food and in this aspect the oils purification/refinery which allow to eliminate the undesirable compounds needs to find new ways to do it, by "inventing" the soft refinery either by enzymatic actions, bio sourced solvents or mechanical process (Bou Orm et al, 2020).…”

Section: Gabriel Krapf *mentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological challenges in oilseed crushing and refining

Krapf¹

2021

OCL

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Walnut oil deacidification by liquid–liquid extraction with ethanol in a single- and multistage crossflow process

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Girdling Effects on Fruit Maturity, Kernel Quality, and Nutritional Value of Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) alongside the Effects on Leaf Physiological Characteristics

Girdling Effects on Fruit Maturity, Kernel Quality, and Nutritional Value of Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) alongside the Effects on Leaf Physiological Characteristics

About solvents used in the preparation of oils for cosmetic products complying with the Cosmos standard

Technological challenges in oilseed crushing and refining

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