“…Although the presence of a first pair of antenniform appendages is well documented in several euarthropods, such as hymenocarines [10,11,13,14], clypecaridids [9,34], and waptiids [8,16,27], the traditional view is that most of these forms possessed largely homonomous post-antennular appendages with minimal functional specialization [5,12,13,15,20]. Alongside recent redescriptions of Burgess Shale taxa [14,16,35], E. multinodosa directly challenges this assumption, and demonstrates a level of appendicular complexity that approximates that of crown-group pancrustaceans by integrating morphologically-and implicitly functionally-differentiated tritocerebral antennae with mandibles and maxillules (Figures 1D and 2A-2D). The identification of trunk epipodites in E. multinodosa adds substantial support to this interpretation ( Figure 2E-2G; see also Figures S2H, S4G, and S4H), as these structures are widely regarded as diagnostic for pancrustaceans but have hitherto only been observed in microscopic Orsten taxa during the Cambrian [4,18,31].…”