War and Rape

Abstract

Rape and other forms of sexual violence have often been prevalent in times of war. For centuries, the rape and sexual enslavement of civilians by soldiers were widely accepted and even legitimized as “the spoils of war.” Sexual violence has also been used strategically as a means to punish and humiliate enemies and systematically destroy, in whole or in part, groups of people based on their ethnic, cultural, or religious affiliations. It was not until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that international organizations began to classify wartime sexual violence as a human rights violation and a war crime. The first international prosecutions for rape in wartime occurred in the 1990s for atrocities perpetrated in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Nevertheless, sexual violence in conflict zones continues to be a serious global security problem in the modern world, and the international community is still working to address this phenomenon in a better way.

A Decolonial Perspective on Online Media Discourses in the Context of Violence Against People With Disabilities in South Africa

“…The link between violence against women and coloniality is amply recognised in the literature (Fanon, 2008;Icaza, 2018;Mack et al, 2018). For example, rape is often used as a weapon to defeat and humiliate the enemy (Siddique, 2019). It is important to associate rape with violence and oppression rather than sexual intercourse within the logic of the permanent state of war discussed above.…”

Can Location-Based Social Media and Online Reservation Services Tell More about Local Accommodation Industries than Open Governmental Data?

“…For data extraction convenience and reusability for any other Slovak administrative unit, Slovakia's territorial and administrative units' spatial representation was downloaded in a shapefile and uploaded to a local PostgreSQL database with a PostGIS extension [38][39][40]. For maximizing the advantages of the API's spatial querying, Siddique's PostgreSQL/PostGIS custom function was used for generating a regular point grid with 1000 m distances in between points over Kosice districts' polygon spatial representation ( Figure 2) [41]. With this in place, an individual modifiable extraction script in Python was constructed for each API.…”