Wari influence in southern Peru: provenance study of middle horizon pottery from the archaeological site of La Real using k 0-INAA

Abstract

Fragments of archaeological pottery from a rescue excavation at the site of La Real in Arequipa, Peru, were studied by instrumental neutron activation analysis, k 0 method. Analytical data were processed by multivariate statistical techniques, comparing the chemical composition of the studied samples versus the information available in our database on the chemical composition of archaeological pottery from Conchopata (Ayacucho), Cotahuasi (Arequipa), Huaro (Cusco) and Tiwanaku (Bolivia). The results obtained revealed that most of the samples were likely made locally at La Real, while others correspond to the chemical composition of the different groups considered, showing evidence of the presence of foreign pottery in the site and a small group which were not classified.

Endemic violence in a pre‐Hispanic Andean community: A bioarchaeological study of cranial trauma from the Majes Valley, Peru

“…The artifact assemblages at Uraca and other Majes Valley sites demonstrate cultural influences from the Nasca culture, prominent during the Early Intermediate period (EIP, ca. 200 BCE–750 CE) (Disselhoff, ; Haeberli, , ) and the highland Wari Empire, prominent during the Middle Horizon (MH, 600–1,000/1100 CE) (Bedregal et al, ; de la Vera Cruz & Yépez Álvarez, ; Garcia Márquez & Bustamante Montoro, ; Huamán López, ; Jennings, ; Jennings, Tung, Álvarez, Lucano, & Hurtado, ; Lucano Quequezana, Yépez Álvarez, & López, ; Owen, , ; Scaffidi, ; Scaffidi & García Márquez, ; Tung, , ; Yépez Álvarez, ). Compared to upriver Majes Valley sites like La Real (Jennings et al, ) and Beringa (Owen, ; Tung, ; Tung, ), the artifact assemblage at Uraca shows substantially less influence from these distant zones (Scaffidi, ).…”

“…The nature of Nasca and Wari interaction with Arequipa communities during the EIP and MH, respectively, is a subject of ongoing debate (Jennings, ; Jennings & Yépez Álvarez, ; Lozada et al, ; Malpass, ; Owen, ; Schreiber, ; Sciscento, ; Tung, ). The material record provides ample evidence of Nasca and Wari stylistic influences in ceramics, textiles, and mortuary and ritual practices at sites throughout Majes (Barnard, Rosas, & Lozada, ; Bedregal et al, ; de La Vera Cruz, ; Garcia Márquez & Bustamante Montoro, ; Goldstein, ; Haeberli, , ; Jennings, ; Jennings, Kellner, & Yépez Álvarez, ; Lozada et al, ; Owen, , ; Tung, ; Tung & Owen, ; Yépez Álvarez, ). Haeberli (2000) describes a period of artistic unity influenced by Nasca religious themes, but leveraging local forms, which he termed “Siguas 3,” from around 200–750 CE.…”

Stable isotope analysis of a pre‐Hispanic Andean community: Reconstructing pre‐Wari and Wari era diets in the hinterland of the Wari empire, Peru

“…1). There are several pre-Wari and Wari era sites in the middle and lower Majes Valley, all of which have yielded Wari-influenced style architecture (Malpass 2001) and/or Wari and Wari-influenced artifacts, including ceramics, textiles, and spindle whorls (Bedregal et al 2015;Garcia Márquez and Bustamante Montoro 1990;Jennings et al 2015;Koontz 2011;Owen 2007;Tung 2007b), as well as obsidian from Wari-controlled quarries and other obsidian quarries (Tripcevich 2009).…”

Provenancing of cement using elemental analyses and isotope techniques – the state-of-the-art and future perspectives

“…90 With the purpose of collecting both XRD and XRF data on the same spot of an object, a portable XRD/XRF 91 instrument was developed. Another technique which was used for limestone, 92,93 but also for pottery [94][95][96] provenancing was Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Meyers and Vanzelts used INAA in their pilotstudy 97 to distinguish between objects made of limestone from different sources.…”