Warming of the World Ocean

Levitus, Sydney; Antonov, John I.; Boyer, Timothy P.; Stephens, Cathy

doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2225

Cited by 1,351 publications

(1,283 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…More than 90% of the extra heat energy from greenhouse warming is absorbed by the ocean (Stocker, 2015), raising the temperature of the ocean, particularly at high latitudes (Levitus et al, 2005;Domingues et al, 2008). Rising temperature could directly affect phytoplankton productivity by altering metabolic rates Lewandowska et al, 2014), as ambient water temperatures in the SO are commonly sub-optimal for the growth of Antarctic phytoplankton (Moisan et al, 2002).…”

Section: Climate-driven Changes To the Southern Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Petrou

Kranz

Trimborn

et al. 2016

Journal of Plant Physiology

119

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Please cite this article in press as: Petrou, K., et al., Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate. J Plant Physiol (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.004 ARTICLE IN PRESS a b s t r a c tThe Southern Ocean (SO) is a major sink for anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), potentially harbouring even greater potential for additional sequestration of CO 2 through enhanced phytoplankton productivity. In the SO, primary productivity is primarily driven by bottom up processes (physical and chemical conditions) which are spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Due to a paucity of trace metals (such as iron) and high variability in light, much of the SO is characterised by an ecological paradox of high macronutrient concentrations yet uncharacteristically low chlorophyll concentrations. It is expected that with increased anthropogenic CO 2 emissions and the coincident warming, the major physical and chemical process that govern the SO will alter, influencing the biological capacity and functioning of the ecosystem. This review focuses on the SO primary producers and the bottom up processes that underpin their health and productivity. It looks at the major physico-chemical drivers of change in the SO, and based on current physiological knowledge, explores how these changes will likely manifest in phytoplankton, specifically, what are the physiological changes and floristic shifts that are likely to ensue and how this may translate into changes in the carbon sink capacity, net primary productivity and functionality of the SO.

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Section: Climate-driven Changes To the Southern Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Petrou

Kranz

Trimborn

et al. 2016

Journal of Plant Physiology

119

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“…The study of Levitus et al (2000) shows that the world ocean has warmed since the mid-1950s. The change of deep-ocean temperature may be affected by the long-term climate variability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Deep-Ocean Heat Uptake in Transient Climate Change

et al. 2003

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The MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change is an organization for research, independent policy analysis, and public education in global environmental change. It seeks to provide leadership in understanding scientific, economic, and ecological aspects of this difficult issue, and combining them into policy assessments that serve the needs of ongoing national and international discussions. To this end, the Program brings together an interdisciplinary group from two established research centers at MIT: the Center for Global Change Science (CGCS) and the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR). These two centers bridge many key areas of the needed intellectual work, and additional essential areas are covered by other MIT departments, by collaboration with the Ecosystems Center of the Marine Biology Laboratory (MBL) at Woods Hole, and by short-and long-term visitors to the Program. The Program involves sponsorship and active participation by industry, government, and non-profit organizations.To inform processes of policy development and implementation, climate change research needs to focus on improving the prediction of those variables that are most relevant to economic, social, and environmental effects. In turn, the greenhouse gas and atmospheric aerosol assumptions underlying climate analysis need to be related to the economic, technological, and political forces that drive emissions, and to the results of international agreements and mitigation. Further, assessments of possible societal and ecosystem impacts, and analysis of mitigation strategies, need to be based on realistic evaluation of the uncertainties of climate science.This report is one of a series intended to communicate research results and improve public understanding of climate issues, thereby contributing to informed debate about the climate issue, the uncertainties, and the economic and social implications of policy alternatives. Titles in the Report Series to date are listed on the inside back cover.

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“…For easy handling and analyzing observed data distributed irregularly in space and time, observed anomalies relative to the climatology were arithmetically averaged monthly from 1945 to 2015 in 5°-longitude and 5°-latitude boxes allocated over the global oceans. A typical spatial decorrelation scale ranges from 300 to 900 km among literature (Levitus et al 2000;Ishii et al 2003;Willis et al 2003;Ingleby and Huddleston 2007), and therefore, the 5°-box mean values are regarded as locally representative. The monthly box mean values of observed profiles were computed after taking averages of data observed by each ship or buoy in each 10-day interval and in each 5°-longitude and 5°-latitude square at 28 levels from surface to 3,000 m depth; biases from localized data in space and time and from specific ships or buoys are minimized.…”

Section: Grid Box Averagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation Expected from Present Observational Data Sets

Ishii¹,

Fukuda

Hirahara

et al. 2017

SOLA

150

153

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The simplest global mapping method and dense data coverage for the global oceans by the latest observation network ensure an estimate of global ocean heat content (OHC) within a satisfactory uncertainty for the last 60 years. The observational database conditionally presented a level high enough for practical use for the global OHC estimation when applying bias corrections of expendable bathythermograph, assuming that the other severe observational biases are not included in the database. Uncertainties in annual global mean temperatures averaged vertically from the surface to 1,500 m are within 0.01 K for the period from 1955 onward, when only sampling errors are taken into account. Those in annual mean global OHC of an improved objective analysis for 0−1,500 m depth is 16ZJ on average throughout the period. Compared to previous studies, the new objective analysis provides a higher estimation of the global 0−1,500 m OHC trend for a longer period from 1955 to 2015, which is an increase of 350 ± 57ZJ with a 95% confidence interval.(Citation: Ishii, M., Y. Fukuda, H. Hirahara, S. Yasui, T. Suzuki, and K. Sato, 2017: Accuracy of global upper ocean heat content estimation expected from present observational data sets.

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Warming of the World Ocean

Cited by 1,351 publications

References 26 publications

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

The Deep-Ocean Heat Uptake in Transient Climate Change

Accuracy of Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation Expected from Present Observational Data Sets

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