“…Single-machine RDF systems, like RDF-3X [53] and gStore [37], do not scale well to complex queries on web-scale RDF data [29,33]. To overcome this problem, many distributed SPARQL query engines [29,33,47,41,32,48,30,28,36,25,46,18,15,38,16] have been introduced. They utilize shared-nothing computing clusters and are either built on top of distributed data processing frame-works, such as MapReduce, or implement proprietary distributed computation approaches.…”