Wart Immunotherapies: A Short Review

Sefcik, Ryan; Burkhart, Craig G.

doi:10.2174/1874372201711010030

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…24 Various antigens, including Trichophyton, imiquimod, mumps, measles, and rubella (MMR), candida antigen, cimetidine, zinc sulfate, BCG, and topical allergens are used to stimulate immune response in AGW immunotherapy. 25 As a preventive measure against infection and clinical disease including AGWs and penile cancer, the quadrivalent HPV vaccine directed against types 6, 11, 16, and 18 has shown to be highly efficacious. 3 Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine contains live, attenuated forms of measles, mumps, and rubella virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case of Genital and Extragenital Warts Unresponsive to Immunotherapy Using Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine

Achdiat,

Yunitasari,

Usman

et al. 2023

IMCRJ

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Anogenital warts (AGWs) are globally recognized as the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly types 6 and 11. Meanwhile, immunotherapy is one of the treatments of choice for patients with extensive AGWs. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine induce the production of various T helper 1 cytokines to elicit immune responses, resulting in the clearance of both treated and untreated warts. This study reported a case of extensive genital and extragenital warts in a 53-year-old male which had occurred for five years, with no pseudo-Koebner phenomenon. The history of MMR vaccination was uncertain but the patient received oral antibiotics for one week, one month before seeking consultation. Physical examination showed extensive verrucous and hyperkeratotic papules, plaques, and nodules in the lower abdomen, pubic, inguinal, genital, and gluteal regions. Acetowhite test results were positive, while polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results were positive for HPV types 6 and 11. The patient received an intralesional injection of 0.5 mL MMR vaccine into the largest warts with a 3-week interval. However, during the one-month follow-up after the third injection, no improvement was observed in either the size or number of warts. Based on the results, several factors must be considered to determine the best candidate for immunotherapy, particularly with MMR vaccine, to achieve an optimal outcome. These factors include the active state of diseases, duration of diseases, as well as a history of sensitization, and broad-spectrum antibiotics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case of Genital and Extragenital Warts Unresponsive to Immunotherapy Using Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine

Achdiat,

Yunitasari,

Usman

et al. 2023

IMCRJ

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“…Current treatment options include: topical treatments (commonly salicylic acid), cryotherapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, electrosurgery, and immunotherapies. 4 The CO 2 laser emits a 10,600 nm wavelength that is absorbed by water. It vaporizes the HPV-infected epidermis and is used like a scalpel for excision.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current treatment options include: topical treatments (commonly salicylic acid), cryotherapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, electrosurgery, and immunotherapies. 4…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study Among CO2 Laser, Intralesional Vitamin D3, and Combined Intralesional Vitamin D3 and CO2 Laser in Treatment of Palmoplantar Warts

El Sharkawy,

Nada,

Radman Al-Kubati

2023

Dermatol Surg

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BACKGROUND Many therapeutic modalities are used for palmoplantar warts; whether destructive, such as chemical cautery, electrocautery, cryocautery, surgical removal, and laser ablation, or immunotherapeutic, stimulating the immune system against the virus such as intralesional vitamin D3 injection. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of intralesional vitamin D injection combined with CO 2 laser to the efficacy of either modality alone. PATIENT AND METHODS Eighty age-and sex-matched patients with palmoplantar warts were divided into 4 groups: Group A received intralesional vitamin D3 injections, group B received ablative CO 2 laser, group C received CO 2 laser and intralesional vitamin D3 injection, and group D (control group) were injected intralesionally with normal saline. Assessment was performed clinically, photographically, and dermoscopically before and after treatment to evaluate the response, and then, another assessment was performed after 3 months to detect any recurrence. RESULTS Complete clearance was seen in 90% of cases in group C, in 80% in group A, and in 75% in group B with no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION Intralesional vitamin D, CO 2 laser, and the combination show comparable efficacy and recurrence rates. Intralesional vitamin D maybe a better option for people with a relative contraindication to CO 2 laser.

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“…[9][10][11] This method can resolve warts without physically altering or damaging the surrounding tissue; moreover, it enhances the host response against the causal agent, leading to widespread resolution and diminishing the likelihood of recurrence. 6,7 Although the exact mechanism of its action in treating viral warts is not yet completely understood, immunotherapy is believed to stimulate a systemic T cell-mediated response resulting in resolution both at the site of contact and distally. 12,13 The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine as a form of immunotherapy in comparison to conventional topical SA application for the treatment of viral warts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 4 Topical salicylic acid (SA), although usually readily available and a convenient method of treating warts at the focus location, can be irritating and is inefficient in cases with numerous warts or warts in several sites; moreover, patients must adhere to a strict daily application schedule for the treatment to be effective. 7 , 8 Optimally, the goal of treatment is to eliminate the warts with no subsequent recurrence (i.e. lifelong immunity) and without disfiguring the patient; however, no single therapy is currently guaranteed to cure viral warts and prevent their recurrence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine: Is it a better choice for the treatment of viral warts?

Al-Yassen

Al-Maliki

Al-Asadi

2020

Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J

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Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine with topical salicylic acid (SA) in the treatment of viral warts. Methods: This non-randomised controlled trial was conducted at the Al-Sader Teaching Hospital, Basrah, Iraq, from January 2016 to April 2017. A total of 201 patients with viral warts were injected with an intradermal purified protein derivative. Subsequently, those with negative tuberculin test results received an intradermal BCG vaccination, while those with positive results underwent conventional treatment with topical SA. Patients were assessed for any signs of improvement at one, two and three months. Results: Overall, 190 patients completed the trial; of these, 133 (70%) received the BCG vaccine and 57 (30%) were treated with topical SA. Complete response to treatment was observed in 9.8% and 5.3% of patients in the BCG and SA groups, respectively (P <0.001). Cure rates were significantly higher for patients with genital (22.2% versus 7.7%; P = 0.002) and common warts (8.5% versus 0%; P = 0.001) treated with the BCG vaccine; however, the reverse was true for flat warts (12.9% versus 25%; P = 0.041). A binary logistic regression analysis indicated that BCG therapy was the only significant independent predictor of positive treatment response (odds ratio: 7.56, 95% confidence interval: 3.72–15.36; P <0.001). Conclusion: The BCG vaccine was more effective than topical SA for treating viral warts, with the best response noted in the treatment of genital warts, followed by flat warts. However, plantar warts demonstrated least response to this treatment.Keywords: Human Papilloma Viruses; Warts; Immunotherapy; BCG Vaccine; Salicylic Acid; Clinical Trial; Treatment Effectiveness.

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Wart Immunotherapies: A Short Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 27 publications

A Case of Genital and Extragenital Warts Unresponsive to Immunotherapy Using Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine

A Case of Genital and Extragenital Warts Unresponsive to Immunotherapy Using Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine

Comparative Study Among CO2 Laser, Intralesional Vitamin D3, and Combined Intralesional Vitamin D3 and CO2 Laser in Treatment of Palmoplantar Warts

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine: Is it a better choice for the treatment of viral warts?

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