“…Indeed, there are sometimes strong moral reasons to relax stringent measures when it becomes clear (or likely) that they are non-beneficial, offer net harms, involve excessive liberty restriction, or increase unfairness in society (e.g., by primarily benefitting people who are already well off or primarily harming those who are badly off). While "two weeks" of lockdown i.e., quasi-universal coercive social distancing measures, might have been considered justifiable at the peak of initial waves of illness and hospitalisation, prolonged lockdowns created enormous cumulative harms that likely (especially after the availability of vaccines) outweighed their benefits on a range of reasonable weightings (Pak, Adegboye et al 2021, Lally 2022, Lawford-Smith 2022. The remainder of this article considers the extent to which certain policies for covid19 were aligned with or diverged from the above principles of public health ethics, and identifies areas where reform might improve the ethical acceptability of responses to future pandemics.…”