Washing Away Postdecisional Dissonance

Lee, Spike W. S.; Schwarz, Robert

doi:10.1126/science.1186799

Cited by 137 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

116

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The reason why this probability should depend on both opinions is that, usually an opinion includes prejudices about differing points of view (this is strongly related with the idea of cognitive dissonance in psychology [16][17][18]). This generalization allows for complex interactions among the opinions in an unified way and can be seen as a generalization of the bounded confidence rules [3,4], as those rules can be recovered as special cases.…”

Section: The Sznajd Model With Confidence Rulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connections between the Sznajd model with general confidence rules and graph theory

Timpanaro

Prado

2012

Phys. Rev. E

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Sznajd model is a sociophysics model that is used to model opinion propagation and consensus formation in societies. Its main feature is that its rules favor bigger groups of agreeing people. In a previous work, we generalized the bounded confidence rule in order to model biases and prejudices in discrete opinion models. In that work, we applied this modification to the Sznajd model and presented some preliminary results. The present work extends what we did in that paper. We present results linking many of the properties of the mean-field fixed points, with only a few qualitative aspects of the confidence rule (the biases and prejudices modeled), finding an interesting connection with graph theory problems. More precisely, we link the existence of fixed points with the notion of strongly connected graphs and the stability of fixed points with the problem of finding the maximal independent sets of a graph. We state these results and present comparisons between the mean field and simulations in Barabási-Albert networks, followed by the main mathematical ideas and appendices with the rigorous proofs of our claims and some graph theory concepts, together with examples. We also show that there is no qualitative difference in the mean-field results if we require that a group of size q > 2, instead of a pair, of agreeing agents be formed before they attempt to convince other sites (for the mean field, this would coincide with the q-voter model).

show abstract

Section: The Sznajd Model With Confidence Rulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connections between the Sznajd model with general confidence rules and graph theory

Timpanaro

Prado

2012

Phys. Rev. E

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous research showed that physical cleansing does not only remove dirt from the body but that it also affects moral judgments (Schnall, Benton, & Harvey, 2008;Zhong et al, 2010), one's moral self-image (Zhong et al, 2010) and moral behavior (Reuven et al, 2014), as well as several other mental functions such as decision making (Xu et al, 2012), justification of recent choices (Lee & Schwarz, 2010b), optimism (Kaspar, 2013a), and product evaluation (Florack et al, 2014). Based on the assumption that all these effects are grounded on a specific (re-)weighting of cognitive information by the act of physical cleansing, we extended the hitherto scope to memory for (im)moral items.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Florack, Kleber, Busch, and Stöhr (2014) used hand washing to reduce consumers' biased perception of product features derived from ownership. Lee and Schwarz (2010b) showed that physical purity can reduce post-decisional dissonance as participants showed a reduced need to devaluate non-chosen options after hand washing. Finally, Kaspar (2013a) found an increased optimism regarding future performance in an anagram task when participants washed their hands after they had experienced failure in a preceding anagram task.…”

Section: Physical Cleansing and The Clean Slate Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, Kaspar (2013a) found an increased optimism regarding future performance in an anagram task when participants washed their hands after they had experienced failure in a preceding anagram task. All these effects indicate that physical cleansing can act as a very general ritual to close a matter (Kaspar, 2013a) and to induce a kind of a "clean slate" effect (Lee & Schwarz, 2010b) whose impact cannot be explained by the moral-purity metaphor alone.…”

Section: Physical Cleansing and The Clean Slate Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Physical Cleansing Biases Recognition Performance for (Im)moral Social Issues

Kaspar

Jahn²

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous research showed that physical cleansing can affect moral judgements, indicating a functional link between the concepts of physical and moral purity. The act of cleansing one's own hands was also found to influence cognitive processes beyond the moral domain. Overall, research suggests that physical cleansing can bias cognitive information processing. To investigate this assumption, we extended the hitherto scope in this research line and examined cleanliness effects on memory performance. For the first time, we scrutinized the effect of hand cleansing on the recall and recognition performance for (im)moral social issues. We found that cleansing produced a significant increase in participants' memory for immoral versus moral social issues at the level of recognition performance, whereas free recall was not affected. This negativity bias occurred independently of whether cleansing was performed before or after the learning phase, indicating that cleansing has an effect on the retrieval of information from memory.

show abstract

“…Our paper clearly suggests one way in which dissonance can trigger unethical behavior. However, many questions regarding the role of motivated moral reasoning in the reduction of dissonance after an unethical act (Barkan, Ayal, Gino, & Ariely, 2012;Ditto, Pizarro, & Tannenbaum, 2009), how post-decisional dissonance can be reduced behaviorally (Lee & Schwarz, 2010), or how dissonance might trigger moral development as well as moral violations (Rholes, Bailey, & McMillan, 1982) remain open. As a field, we have only scratched the surface in terms of the role that cognitive dissonance plays in unethical behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dangerous Expectations: Breaking Rules to Resolve Cognitive Dissonance

Moore¹,

Wakeman

Gino

2014

SSRN Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

When entering task performance contexts we generally have expectations about both the task and how well we will perform on it. When those expectations go unmet, we experience psychological discomfort (cognitive dissonance), which we are then motivated to resolve. Prior research on expectancy disconfirmation in task performance contexts has focused on the dysfunctional consequences of disconfirming low performance expectations (i.e., stereotype threat). In this paper we focus on the dysfunctional consequences of disconfirming high performance expectations. In three studies, we find that individuals are more likely to break rules if they have been led to expect that achieving high levels of performance will be easy rather than difficult, even if breaking rules means behaving unethically. We show that this willingness to break rules is not due to differences in legitimate performance as a function of how easy people expect the task to be, or whether their expectations are set explicitly (by referring to others' performance) or implicitly (as implied by their own prior performance). Instead, using a misattribution paradigm, we show that cognitive dissonance triggered by unmet expectations drives our effects.Words: 181

show abstract

Washing Away Postdecisional Dissonance

Cited by 137 publications

References 5 publications

Connections between the Sznajd model with general confidence rules and graph theory

Connections between the Sznajd model with general confidence rules and graph theory

Physical Cleansing Biases Recognition Performance for (Im)moral Social Issues

Dangerous Expectations: Breaking Rules to Resolve Cognitive Dissonance

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About