Waste Generation of Drug Product Samples versus Prescriptions Obtained Through Pharmacy Dispensing

Pai, Manjunath P.; Graci, Danielle M.; Bertino, Joseph S.

doi:10.1592/phco.20.6.593.35155

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…According to the report of Resource Conservation and Recovery Acts and Environmental Protection Agency; hazardous pharmaceutical wastes have been described as “P list”, “U list”, or “chemical” (D‐list) consisting of toxic substances which may frequently dispose into the water bodies to create human health and environmental harmony impairment . In Bangladesh, currently more than 200 pharmaceutical industries are successfully launching their products in the local market with the approximate BDT 76 500 million per year .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintenance of Environmental Sustainability Through Microbiological Study of Pharmaceutical Solid Wastes

Chowdhury

Acharjee

Noor

2015

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Untreated waste materials discharged from the pharmaceutical industries due to lack of legislative regulations may cast the unfavorable consequences within the environment. The present study endeavored to stress the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in both treated and untreated pharmaceutical wastes along with the assessment of the drug resistance patterns of the isolates. The existence of the total viable bacteria and fungi was estimated up to 109 and 106 colony forming unit (cfu)/mL, respectively, in treated pharmaceutical wastes. For the untreated wastes, the bacterial and the fungal load were 106 and 103 cfu/mL, respectively. Both categories of samples were found to be contaminated with an array of pathogenic bacteria including Klebsiella spp., Vibrio spp., Bacillus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Interestingly, an elevated range of pathogenic contamination was noticed in the treated samples up to 105 cfu/mL while a comparatively reduced microbial load was observed in the untreated samples within a range of 102–104 cfu/mL. Most of the isolates exhibited resistance against commonly used antibiotics while several isolates showed multi‐drug resistance. Conversely, almost all untreated samples were found to exhibit in vitro anti‐bacterial activity against eight categories of laboratory isolates tested.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintenance of Environmental Sustainability Through Microbiological Study of Pharmaceutical Solid Wastes

Chowdhury

Acharjee

Noor

2015

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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“…There are environmental concerns as well. Waste generated from drug samples is estimated to be 5740 metric tons per year [58].…”

Section: The Risks Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutical marketing: the example of drug samples

Couvillon

Fugh‐Berman

2022

J of Pharm Policy and Pract

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Branded drug samples are one of the most important promotional tools that pharmaceutical manufactures employ. Pharmaceutical sales representatives (“drug reps”) use samples to gain access to physicians and other prescribers. Sample provision is closely intertwined with visits by drug reps; detailing visits convince physicians to try new products, while sampling maintains the flow of prescriptions. Only drugs with the highest profit margins are sampled. Although physicians believe that samples save patients money, patients who receive samples have higher overall out-of-pocket costs. Most studies have found that patients in financial need are least likely to receive samples. Pharmaceutical marketers pitch samples as a low-risk way to deal with diagnostic uncertainty. In fact, there is no evidence that samples aid diagnosis. Sample availability may compromise patient safety by reducing compliance with guidelines and steering patients towards newer drugs, for which adverse effects have not been well-delineated. Although physicians believe that samples improve adherence for low-income patients, branded samples do not improve access or adherence Samples are not a charitable activity, but are instead a highly effective form of drug marketing. Sampling of branded drugs increase drug costs for everyone. Only a cohesive effort by clinicians, legislators and policymakers can end this practice. Evidence supports a ban on sample distribution of branded products.

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“…The small sample size creates 5-fold more packaging waste than traditional packaging, generating an estimated 5740 metric tons of waste each year in the United States. 28 Viewing samples as gifts. The American Academy of Dermatology conducted market research in 1978 and found that samples are given to Table II.…”

Section: Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug samples in dermatology: Special considerations and recommendations for the future

Alikhan¹,

Sockolov²,

Feldman³

2010

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

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Waste Generation of Drug Product Samples versus Prescriptions Obtained Through Pharmacy Dispensing

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Maintenance of Environmental Sustainability Through Microbiological Study of Pharmaceutical Solid Wastes

Maintenance of Environmental Sustainability Through Microbiological Study of Pharmaceutical Solid Wastes

Pharmaceutical marketing: the example of drug samples

Drug samples in dermatology: Special considerations and recommendations for the future

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