Waste Material via Geopolymerization for Heavy-Duty Application: A Review

Abstract

Due to the extraordinary properties for heavy-duty applications, there has been a great deal of interest in the utilization of waste material via geopolymerization technology. There are various advantages offered by this geopolymer-based material, such as excellent stability, exceptional impermeability, self-refluxing ability, resistant thermal energy from explosive detonation, and excellent mechanical performance. An overview of the work with the details of key factors affecting the heavy-duty performance of geopolymer-based material such as type of binder, alkali agent dosage, mixing design, and curing condition are reviewed in this paper. Interestingly, the review exhibited that different types of waste material containing a large number of chemical elements had an impact on mechanical performance in military, civil engineering, and road application. Finally, this work suggests some future research directions for the the remarkable of waste material through geopolymerization to be employed in heavy-duty application.

Optimal Design of Wood/Rice Husk-Waste-Filled PLA Biocomposites Using Integrated CRITIC–MABAC-Based Decision-Making Algorithm

“…Meanwhile, for a cost attribute (wear; q-10), 0.1014 g and 0.2618 g are considered the best and the worst values, respectively. The information measure values (χ j ) of each attribute were determined using Equation (7), and they are listed in Table 5. These χ j values suggest that the data pattern of flexural modulus (q-7) has the highest information value (4.1872), followed by tensile modulus (q-5; 3.6803), and it remains the lowest for tensile strength (q-1; 2.5713).…”

“…Instead of landfilling and open dumping, nowadays, nations promote the recycling/reusing of wastes to curb environmental pollution [4,5]. As a result, scientists are continually making extreme efforts to use municipal, agricultural and forest industry waste in useful applications, which facilitates not only reducing environmental pollution but also lowering manufacturing costs [6][7][8][9]. One of the impending applications is polymer biocomposites, where incorporating agricultural or forest industry waste has proven to be quite beneficial from the techno-commercial and ecological point of view [10][11][12][13].…”

Geopolymer: A Systematic Review of Methodologies

“…Geopolymer is no longer viewed as a concept for a greener society but rather as a pragmatic solution for the reduction in CO 2 emissions in the construction and building sector. The utilization of geopolymer as a potential cement alternative in construction has been shown to reduce the overall CO 2 emission by 9% to 64% [ 1 , 2 ], depending on geographic location, transport scenarios, activator production process, and mix design. The contribution of CO 2 emission to global warming stands at 65%, and the production of one tonne of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) emits one tonne of CO 2 into the atmosphere [ 3 , 4 ].…”

A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends in Geopolymer

“…Geopolymer is an inorganic polymeric material synthesized by the reaction of an aluminosilicate powder with an alkaline solution through the mechanism of dissolution, gelation, and polycondensation that results in a hardened 3D polymeric ring and chain matrix of polysialate. The use of geopolymer is considered a new, better alternative binder [ 1 , 2 ] whose benefits compared to ordinary Portland cement consist of lower CO 2 emissions [ 3 ], waste materials’ reutilization [ 4 ], supporting the circular economy solid waste management [ 5 ], higher thermal resistance [ 6 ], better mechanical performance [ 7 ], acid resistance [ 8 ], sulfate attack resistance [ 9 ], lower drying shrinkage [ 10 ], and freeze–thaw resistance [ 11 ]. The manufacture of ordinary Portland cement emits approximately 1350 million tons of greenhouse gases annually where the three most significant sources are fuel combustion (325 kg/ton CO 2 ), limestone decarbonation (525 kg/ton CO 2 ), and electrical energy consumption (50 kg/ton CO 2 ) [ 12 ].…”

“…Publications on geopolymer strive to provide an advanced understanding of the chemical, physical, and mechanical performance of the geopolymer binder, mortar, and concrete with respect to the mix design. However, the common factors limiting the extensive industrial application of geopolymer comprise the variable waste material properties [ 4 ], high curing temperature [ 38 ], high energy demand and cost of alkaline activators [ 39 ], caustic nature of alkaline and acidic activators [ 39 ], efflorescence [ 40 ], alkali-silica reaction [ 41 ], and the absence of mix design standards [ 42 ]. It is therefore imperative that readers are made aware of the research trends and directions in geopolymer technology.…”