Waste paper: An underutilized but promising source for nanocellulose mining

Kumar, Varun; Pathak, Puneet; Bhardwaj, Nishi Kant

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.041

Cited by 136 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 214 publications

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“…In contrast, CNC isolation could also be performed by direct acid hydrolysis (60% (v/v) H 2 SO 4 solution at 45°C for 1.5 h) without the alkali and bleaching pretreatment. However, the first maximum degradation temperature of the CNC product was at 220°C [12], which was relatively lower than most reported temperature of about 300°C [8,[13][14][15]. It was highly probable that direct and longer process of acid hydrolysis could have degraded the thermal stability of the CNC product [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Recently, CNC have been widely produced from various sources such as jute, sisal, cotton, ramie, tunicate, bacteria and wood pulps. Beside these sources, wastepaper which is also a cellulose biomass could be considered as an underutilized but promising source for CNC production [8]. According to the survey about pulp and paper capacity conducted by FAO in 2017-2022, the total capacity of paper and paperboard in 30 countries that participated in the survey was 261.201 million tons in 2019 and the expected capacity in 2022 will be 267.048 million tons [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals in short processing time from waste newspaper by conventional acid hydrolysis

Van‐Pham

Pham

Tran

et al. 2020

Mater. Res. Express

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Motivated by many exclusive and useful features of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and the underutilized resource of waste newspaper, this study aimed to extract CNC from waste newspapers by means of alkali and bleaching treatments followed by acid hydrolysis. The morphological structure of the obtained CNC was analysed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The remarkable removal of surface contamination and the reduction in fiber diameter during alkali and bleaching treatment were observed and the nano-dimension of the extracted CNC was revealed with the average diameter of 12.3±2.8 nm. Characterization of the extracted CNC showed a high whiteness index of 80%, and high transparency of about 80% of the light at 600 nm calculated for a 0.02 mm thick nanocellulose film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that lignin, hemicellulose and other coloring agents were successfully removed. A comparably high crystallinity index of 80.15% was calculated from x-ray diffraction data. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the product had a typical maximum thermal degradation at 300°C. The analysis results indicated the successful extraction of good CNC from waste newspaper with the shortest processing time ever reported for acid hydrolysis with conventional alkali and bleaching pretreatment. The findings also strongly support for further research of nanocomposites reinforced by CNC produced from waste newspaper.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals in short processing time from waste newspaper by conventional acid hydrolysis

Van‐Pham

Pham

Tran

et al. 2020

Mater. Res. Express

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition to cellulose pulps from wood, industrial processed and non-processed sources of cellulose, including wastes generated in the pulp and paper industries (namely, bark, chips, sawdust and sludge), are shown as interesting and attractive raw materials for NC production [ 6 , 22 ]. In fact, the selection of renewable materials as an alternative to non-renewable resources is required to achieve sustainable processes according to European directives.…”

Section: Processing Of Lignocellulosic Biomass For Cellulose Extramentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocellulose Production: Exploring the Enzymatic Route and Residues of Pulp and Paper Industry

et al. 2020

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Increasing environmental and sustainability concerns, caused by current population growth, has promoted a raising utilization of renewable bio-resources for the production of materials and energy. Recently, nanocellulose (NC) has been receiving great attention due to its many attractive features such as non-toxic nature, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, associated with its mechanical properties and those related to its nanoscale, emerging as a promising material in many sectors, namely packaging, regenerative medicine, and electronics, among others. Nanofibers and nanocrystals, derived from cellulose sources, have been mainly produced by mechanical and chemical treatments; however, the use of cellulases to obtain NC attracted much attention due to their environmentally friendly character. This review presents an overview of general concepts in NC production. Especial emphasis is given to enzymatic hydrolysis processes using cellulases and the utilization of pulp and paper industry residues. Integrated process for the production of NC and other high-value products through enzymatic hydrolysis is also approached. Major challenges found in this context are discussed along with its properties, potential application, and future perspectives of the use of enzymatic hydrolysis as a pretreatment in the scale-up of NC production.

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“…The extraction of cellulose nanomaterials using mechanical method to break the cellulose fibers in longitudinal axis is known as mechanical process [65]. The mainly implemented mechanical technique includes high pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, and ball milling techniques.…”

Section: Preparation Of Nanocellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

“…High pressure homogenization (HPH) is for all time carried out by introducing cellulose slurry into a container with elevated pressure and rapid rates [65]. The collision force and shave force in liquid are generated to break cellulose micro fibrils into nanometer size in diameter.…”

Section: Preparation Of Nanocellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Application of Nanocellulose (NC): Review

Kara

2020

Adv. Mater. Lett.

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Waste paper: An underutilized but promising source for nanocellulose mining

Cited by 136 publications

References 214 publications

Extraction of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals in short processing time from waste newspaper by conventional acid hydrolysis

Extraction of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals in short processing time from waste newspaper by conventional acid hydrolysis

Nanocellulose Production: Exploring the Enzymatic Route and Residues of Pulp and Paper Industry

Preparation and Application of Nanocellulose (NC): Review

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