Waste Stabilization Ponds: A Viable Alternative for Small Community Treatment Systems

Mara, D. D.; Mills, Stuart; Pearson, H. W.; Alabaster, Graham

doi:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00740.x

Cited by 67 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Unfiltered BOD removal was at the lower limit (around 70%) mentioned in the literature (Mara et al, 1992;Mara, 1997). Consequently, unfiltered COD removal was also at the lower limit (around 50%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Lloyd and Vorkas, 1999;Shilton and Harrison, 2003;von Sperling, 2003;Shilton and Mara, 2005;Bracho et al, 2006). Mara and Pearson (1986) and Mara et al (1992) stated that limitations of "rational" methods based on first-order kinetics led to empirical procedures based on ambient temperature. Mara (1987) proposed a commonly applied model for the computation of the maximum allowable organic loading in facultative ponds (Equation 6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revisiting the influence of loading on organic material removal in primary facultative ponds

Silva

Souza

Araújo

2010

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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-This paper investigated the influence of organic loading on BOD and COD removal in primary facultative ponds. The study was based on six full-scale pond plants in which average removals of unfiltered biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 72 and 50%, respectively. For filtered samples, the removals were 89 and 83%, respectively. First-order removal rates assuming ideal hydraulic patterns (completely mixed and plug-flow) decreased with increments in the mean hydraulic retention time (HRT). Reduction in organic loading also caused a decrease in removal rates. The results emphasized that HRT and surface organic loading are more reliable to estimate first-order removal rates than traditional Arrhenius-style equations. Thus, HRT and surface organic loading can be used to compute more realistic first-order removal rates and surface removal rates. An alternative design procedure based on HRT and surface organic loading was proposed and demonstrated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the influence of loading on organic material removal in primary facultative ponds

Silva

Souza

Araújo

2010

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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“…This continuing algal bloom was also evident in the difference between filtered and unfiltered COD and BOD 5 (Figure 1). Concentrations were generally higher than typical values of 1-1.5 mg Chl-a l -1 seen in effluent from UK facultative ponds during summer (Mara et al, 1992). This may have been due to a number of factors, including high light intensities, optimum water temperatures (Figure 2), and an influent high in ammonia and phosphate.…”

Section: Chlorophyll-amentioning

confidence: 91%

Seasonally loaded waste stabilisation ponds: a novel application for intermittent discharge

Whalley

Heaven

Banks

et al. 2012

Water Science and Technology

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The research examined the use of a single facultative pond for treatment of an intermittent discharge from a UK campsite. The system was monitored over an 11-month period to determine the optimum time for discharge in terms of quality standards. The results showed that based on organic strength, discharge was possible in winter between November-March but February was the optimum to meet nutrient and suspended solids requirements. The pond showed rapid acclimatisation to the influent wastewater, with Biochemical Oxygen Demand removal rates during the filling period of around 50 kg ha -1 day -1 and removal efficiencies of ~95% after maturation. The system proved simple to operate. A major design factor is the requirement for storage of net incoming precipitation, which may provide dilution of residual pollutants but requires additional system capacity. KeywordsWaste stabilisation ponds, intermittent discharge, seasonal loading, oxygen production INTRODUCTION Lockerley Water Farm is a campsite in Hampshire, UK (51.04 ºN, 1.57 ºW) accommodating around 100 campers in the summer period from July to early September. Wastewater from the site is collected in two underground storage tanks each of ~30 m 3 capacity. These are regularly emptied and the contents removed from site for treatment and disposal, representing a significant cost to the charity that operates the campsite. As the site is not open all year round, one option is to adopt an intermittent discharge waste stabilisation pond (WSP) system, a typical approach in colder climates (Prince et al., 1995). In this case wastewater is treated during the summer then stored until it reaches high quality in autumn or spring, when it is discharged over a relatively short period. Alternatively the system could discharge continuously during the summer once the effluent quality is adequate. The receiving watercourse for the site is the River Dun, which is a trout fishery and would be subject to stringent discharge conditions; another option would be land application. While this site has its own special features, however, the situation of an intermittent or increased seasonal load is not unusual, for example in small rural or seaside places which have an influx of summer visitors. A low-cost system and operating protocol to deal with this type of intermittent loading may therefore have widespread applications.

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“…Typically, a WSP system consists of serially-connected anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds (Mara et al, 1992). Facultative ponds (FPs) facilitate much of the oxidation of organic matter through a mutualistic relationship between algae and bacteria, and the process relies heavily on natural factors (wind, sunlight, temperature) to fulfil the requirements of such mutualistic relationship (Pedahzur et al, 1993;Tharavathi & Hosetti, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bio-anodic filter facilitated entrapment, decomposition and in situ oxidation of algal biomass in wastewater effluent

Khalfbadam

Cheng

Sarukkalige

et al. 2016

Bioresource Technology

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This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractThis study examined for the first time the use of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) to entrap, decompose and oxidise fresh algal biomass from an algae-laden effluent. The experimental process consisted of a photobioreactor for a continuous production of the algal-laden effluent, and a two-chamber BES equipped with a graphite granules and carbon-felt anodic filter facilitating the physical removal and oxidation of the algal biomass from the effluent. Resultsshowed that the BES filter could retain ca. 90% of the suspended solids (SS) loaded. A coulombic efficiency (CE) of 36.6% (based on particulate chemical oxygen demand (PCOD) removed) was achieved, which was consistent with the highest CEs of BES studies (operated in microbial fuel cell mode (MFC)) that included additional pre-treatment steps for algae hydrolysis. Overall, this study suggests that a filter type BES anode can effectively entrap, decompose and in situ oxidise algae without the need for a separate pre-treatment step.

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Waste Stabilization Ponds: A Viable Alternative for Small Community Treatment Systems

Cited by 67 publications

References 4 publications

Revisiting the influence of loading on organic material removal in primary facultative ponds

Revisiting the influence of loading on organic material removal in primary facultative ponds

Seasonally loaded waste stabilisation ponds: a novel application for intermittent discharge

A bio-anodic filter facilitated entrapment, decomposition and in situ oxidation of algal biomass in wastewater effluent

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