Waste stabilization ponds: Past, present and future

Mara, D. D.

doi:10.5004/dwt.2009.359

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As the worldwide water crisis increases, wastewater effluent reuse, specifically from waste stabilization ponds in some fashion, will continue to increase (Mara 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidation pond for municipal wastewater treatment

et al. 2015

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This literature review examines process, design, and cost issues related to using oxidation ponds for wastewater treatment. Many of the topics have applications at either full scale or in isolation for laboratory analysis. Oxidation ponds have many advantages. The oxidation pond treatment process is natural, because it uses microorganisms such as bacteria and algae. This makes the method of treatment cost-effective in terms of its construction, maintenance, and energy requirements. Oxidation ponds are also productive, because it generates effluent that can be used for other applications. Finally, oxidation ponds can be considered a sustainable method for treatment of wastewater.

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“…As the worldwide water crisis increases, wastewater effluent reuse, specifically from waste stabilization ponds in some fashion, will continue to increase (Mara 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidation pond for municipal wastewater treatment

et al. 2015

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“…The real subject is the lack of a sanitation master plan in the state, which would include reuse as a policy with a clear economical approach, since existing reuse is unplanned. As Mara (2007) highlights ''wastewater is too valuable to waste'' and WSP is a reliable way to ensure the safety for food production.…”

Section: Perspectives Of Wsp In Cearámentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are pond plants all over the world according to a number of studies (Middlebrooks et al 1982;Al-salem & Lumbers 1987;Bucksteeg 1987;Vuillot et al 1987;Madera et al 2002;Tsagarakis et al 2003). Pond technology is expanding and evolving, presented as the most appropriate in many situations (Pearson 1996;Mara 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prospectus of waste stabilization ponds in Ceará, Northeast Brazil

Silva

Souza

Castro³

et al. 2011

Water Science and Technology

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WSP technology has been used in Ceará, Northeast Brazil, since middle 1970s. There are presently 96 ponds plants and most of them are comprised by single cells (40%) and series of 3 ponds (35%). They were under loaded due to incomplete house connections to the sewerage network and low per capita wastewater contributions. Highest removal rates of organic material, ammonia and faecal coliform were found in 3 pond series. Faecal coliform removal was in accordance with the literature and series of ponds reached numbers ≤10(5) cells/100 ml. In series with 4 and 5 ponds FC was below 10(3) cells/100 ml. Ammonia removal varied from 30 to 80% and total phosphorus the removal was not significant. An increase in the number of maturation ponds enhances nutrient and coliform removal. Up-grading schemes should be investigated as well as effluent reuse potential.

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“…The most common application of water treatment technology, conventional activated sludge (CAS), is facing a criticism of having low cost-effectiveness and recovery potential, and high energy consumption [24]. On the contrary, waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) appear as a cheap but high effective treatment system [25]. The main objective of this study is to compare the environmental performance of these two wastewater treatment technologies.…”

Section: Step 1: Target Definition and A List Of Variables Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Practical Protocol for the Experimental Design of Comparative Studies on Water Treatment

Thas

Echelpoel

et al. 2019

Water

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The design and execution of effective and informative experiments in comparative studies on water treatment is challenging due to their complexity and multidisciplinarity. Often, environmental engineers and researchers carefully set up their experiments based on literature information, available equipment and time, analytical methods and experimental operations. However, because of time constraints but mainly missing insight, they overlook the value of preliminary experiments, as well as statistical and modeling techniques in experimental design. In this paper, the crucial roles of these overlooked techniques are highlighted in a practical protocol with a focus on comparative studies on water treatment optimization. By integrating a detailed experimental design, lab experiment execution, and advanced data analysis, more relevant conclusions and recommendations are likely to be delivered, hence, we can maximize the outputs of these precious and numerous experiments. The protocol underlines the crucial role of three key steps, including preliminary study, predictive modeling, and statistical analysis, which are strongly recommended to avoid suboptimal designs and even the failure of experiments, leading to wasted resources and disappointing results. The applicability and relevance of this protocol is demonstrated in a case study comparing the performance of conventional activated sludge and waste stabilization ponds in a shock load scenario. From that, it is advised that in the experimental design, the aim is to make best possible use of the statistical and modeling tools but not lose sight of a scientific understanding of the water treatment processes and practical feasibility.

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Waste stabilization ponds: Past, present and future

Cited by 45 publications

References 26 publications

Oxidation pond for municipal wastewater treatment

Oxidation pond for municipal wastewater treatment

Prospectus of waste stabilization ponds in Ceará, Northeast Brazil

A Practical Protocol for the Experimental Design of Comparative Studies on Water Treatment

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