Waste tire rubber as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers – A review

Hejna, Aleksander; Korol, Jerzy; Przybysz-Romatowska, Marta; Zedler, Łukasz; Chmielnicki, B.; Formela, Krzysztof

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.032

Cited by 111 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Blending waste tires with polymer matrices (thermosets, thermoplastics and rubbers) results in low cost and green composite blends with the possibility of commercialization as substitutes for existing equivalent products. These polymer composites are being used in different applications such as mats, playground surfaces, athletic tracks, and automotive parts [38,52].…”

Section: Materials Compositementioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

2020

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Recycling and recovery of waste tires is a serious environmental problem since vulcanized rubbers require several years to degrade naturally and remain for long periods of time in the environment. This is associated to a complex three dimensional (3D) crosslinked structure and the presence of a high number of different additives inside a tire formulation. Most end-of-life tires are discarded as waste in landfills taking space or incinerated for energy recovery, especially for highly degraded rubber wastes. All these options are no longer acceptable for the environment and circular economy. However, a great deal of progress has been made on the sustainability of waste tires via recycling as this material has high potential being a source of valuable raw materials. Extensive researches were performed on using these end-of-life tires as fillers in civil engineering applications (concrete and asphalt), as well as blending with polymeric matrices (thermoplastics, thermosets or virgin rubber). Several grinding technologies, such as ambient, wet or cryogenic processes, are widely used for downsizing waste tires and converting them into ground tire rubber (GTR) with a larger specific surface area. Here, a focus is made on the use of GTR as a partial replacement in virgin rubber compounds. The paper also presents a review of the possible physical and chemical surface treatments to improve the GTR adhesion and interaction with different matrices, including rubber regeneration processes such as thermomechanical, microwave, ultrasonic and thermochemical producing regenerated tire rubber (RTR). This review also includes a detailed discussion on the effect of GTR/RTR particle size, concentration and crosslinking level on the curing, rheological, mechanical, aging, thermal, dynamic mechanical and swelling properties of rubber compounds. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

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Section: Materials Compositementioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

2020

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“…They are commonly used in mechanical recycling resulting in the production of ground tire rubber (GTR). This material can be efficiently introduced into various polymer matrices, including polyurethane foams [16]. Contrary to the lignocellulose materials or textiles, GTR seems to be a more promising material due to its structure and properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Ground Tire Rubber Oxidation with H2O2 and KMnO4 on the Structure and Performance of Flexible Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composite Foams

et al. 2021

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The use of waste tires is a very critical issue, considering their environmental and economic implications. One of the simplest and the least harmful methods is conversion of tires into ground tire rubber (GTR), which can be introduced into different polymer matrices as a filler. However, these applications often require proper modifications to provide compatibility with the polymer matrix. In this study, we examined the impact of GTR oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate on the processing and properties of flexible polyurethane/GTR composite foams. Applied treatments caused oxidation and introduction of hydroxyl groups onto the surface of rubber particles, expressed by the broad range of their hydroxyl numbers. It resulted in noticeable differences in the processing of the polyurethane system and affected the structure of flexible composite foams. Treatment with H2O2 resulted in a 31% rise of apparent density, while the catalytic activity of potassium ions enhanced foaming of system decreased density by 25% and increased the open cell content. Better mechanical performance was noted for H2O2 modifications (even by 100% higher normalized compressive strength), because of the voids in cell walls and incompletely developed structure during polymerization, accelerated by KMnO4 treatment. This paper shows that modification of ground tire rubber is a very promising approach, and when properly performed may be applied to engineer the structure and performance of polyurethane composite foams.

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“…Many research works confirmed that GTR can be successfully applied as a low-cost filler or modifier in polymers, bitumens, or concretes, and recent progress in this field was comprehensively described in review works [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. However, usually increasing the content of GTR in a fresh matrix resulted in a deterioration of mechanical properties, which is related to the cross-linked structure of GTR and a rather poor compatibility with matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility

et al. 2020

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Ground tire rubber (GTR) was reclaimed and modified with 10 phr of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer via low-temperature extrusion process. Processing, physico-mechanical properties, volatile organic compounds emission, and recycling possibility were investigated. In order to better understand the impact of used modifiers, their efficiency was compared with trans-polyoctenamer, which is an additive that is commercially dedicated to waste rubber recycling. The results showed that a relatively small amount of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer improves the mechanical properties of modified reclaimed GTR and also allows further recycling by multiple processing without the deterioration of performance after three cycles.

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Waste tire rubber as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers – A review

Cited by 111 publications

References 76 publications

Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

The Impact of Ground Tire Rubber Oxidation with H2O2 and KMnO4 on the Structure and Performance of Flexible Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composite Foams

Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility

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