Wastewater-based monitoring of illicit drug consumption in Istanbul: Preliminary results from two districts

Mercan, Selda; Kuloğlu, Merve; Tekin, Tuğba; Türkmen, Zeynep; Doğru, Ahmet Özgür; Safran, Ayse N.; Açıkkol, Münevver; Aşıcıoğlu, Faruk

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.345

Cited by 41 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…At Site A and Site B, dose consumption rates for methamphetamine are 0.984 and 6.51 g/day per 1000 pop, respectively. This is in contrast to a methamphetamine dose consumption rate of 0.22 g/day per 1000 pop reported for Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ( Nguyen et al, 2018 ), 0.45 g/day per 1000 pop in Istanbul, Turkey ( Mercan et al, 2019 ), and 0.157 g/day per 1000 pop in Barcelona, Spain ( Mastroianni et al, 2017 ). Dose consumption rates for methamphetamine for a few Australian cities were comparable to Site A, although none reached the levels detected from Site B ( Bannwarth et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…Wastewater testing is therefore an opportunity to establish individual usage anonymity, while informing public and environmental health community efforts with a faster turnaround time. Wastewater-based sewage epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a non-intrusive response for estimating drug dose consumption rates (DCR) for communities, and to ground-truth with evidenced-based data ( Banta-Green et al, 2009 ; Baz-Lomba et al, 2017 ; Boles and Wells, 2014 ; Castiglioni et al, 2013 ; Gracia-Lor et al, 2017 ; Lin et al, 2019 ; Mastroianni et al, 2017 ; Mercan et al, 2019 ; Prichard et al, 2014 ; Thai et al, 2019 ; Zuccato et al, 2008 ). The methodology used in this study built upon procedures implemented in previous published sampling studies to determine drug concentrations and drug use in communities ( Banta-Green et al, 2009 ; Boles and Wells, 2014 ; Jones-Lepp et al, 2004 ; Zuccato et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wastewater-based epidemiology pilot study to examine drug use in the Western United States

Bishop

Jones-Lepp

Margetts

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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The extent of prescription and illicit drug abuse in geographically isolated rural and micropolitan communities in the intermountain western United States (US) has not been well tracked. The goal of this pilot study was to accurately measure drug dose consumption rates (DCR) between two select populations, normalize the data and compare the DCRs to similar communities. To learn about patterns of drug abuse between the two disparate communities, we used the emergent field of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). A rapid, quantitative and systematic process for the determination of multiple classes of prescribed and illicit drugs was applied to influent wastewater samples. Influent samples were collected over the course of three months (April to June 2019) at two wastewater treatment plants representing a small urban and a rural community. Collection of sewage influent included 24-h composite samples and the use of polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), time-weighted samplers. Using the results from the composite sampling data, DCRs per 1000 population could be calculated from the concentration data and the use of excretion correction factors. The following 18 compounds: amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, methadone, EDDP, codeine, benzoylecgonine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, noroxycodone, ketamine, fluoxetine, tramadol, and ritalinic acid; represent a subset of the targeted analytes that were consistently measured at detectable concentration levels, and present at both sites. Following normalization of the drug measurements to influent flow rates and per capita, the small urban community demonstrated greater collective excretion rates (CER) than the rural community, with the exceptions of amphetamine and methamphetamine.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-based epidemiology pilot study to examine drug use in the Western United States

Bishop

Jones-Lepp

Margetts

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Since then, the number of publications in the field of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been increasing. WBE has been most popular in European countries [8][9][10][11][12][13], but its applications have been expanded to other parts of the world, such as Turkey [14,15], China [16], Colombia [17], South Africa [18], Cameroon [19] and Australia [20,21]. In fact, the European Union (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, EMCDDA) and the Government of Australia conduct interdisciplinary wastewater drug monitoring programs, and publish official reports about the drug use in their geographical areas based on wastewater analysis [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater analysis for nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis in New York City

Centazzo

Frederick

Jacox

et al. 2019

Forensic Sciences Research

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According to current surveys and overdoses data, there is a drug crisis in the USA. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an evolving discipline that analyses wastewater samples to detect drugs and metabolites to estimate drug consumption in a certain community. This study demonstrates how drug relative presence could be tracked by testing wastewater, providing real-time results, in different boroughs in New York City throughout 1 year. We developed and fully validated two analytical methods, one for 21 drugs and metabolites, including nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis markers; and another for the normalization factor creatinine. Both methods were performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using positive electrospray ionization, achieving a limit of quantification of 5-10 ng/L for drugs and metabolites, and 0.01 mg/L for creatinine. These methods were applied to 48 one-time grab wastewater samples collected from six wastewater treatment plants in New York City (Manhattan, The Bronx, Queens and Brooklyn), eight different times throughout 2016, before and after major holidays, including Memorial Day, 4th of July, Labour Day and New Year's. In this study, the drug group normalized concentrations present in the wastewater samples, in decreasing order, were cocaine, nicotine, opioids, cannabis and amphetamines. When looking at individual compounds, the one with the highest normalized concentration was benzoylecgonine (BE), followed by cotinine, morphine and 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH). To estimate community use, these concentrations were multiplied by the corresponding correction factor, and the most present were THCCOOH, followed by BE, cotinine and morphine. When comparing the treatment plants by drug group (nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis), samples collected from The Bronx had the highest normalized concentrations for nicotine, cocaine and opioids; The Bronx and Manhattan for cannabis; and Manhattan and Queens for amphetamines. In most of the cases, no effect due to holiday was observed. This study provides the first snapshot of drug use in New York City and how that changes between key calendar dates employing wastewater analysis.

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“…In sample preparation step, the previously published method by Mercan et al was modified to serum matrix [14]. Oasis-HLB SPE cartridges were used for extraction of analytes from 200 µL serum samples.…”

Section: Methods Optimization and Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A GC-MS method for illegal stimulant drugs from serum: a multi-drug use sample in Turkey

Türkmen¹,

Kuloğlu²,

Tekin³

et al. 2019

J.Chem.Metrol.

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It is rather difficult to determine simultaneously more than one drug from different biological samples and to interpret the clinical picture in the case of multiple drug abuse. All mentioned drugs are life-threatening solely and the risk is becoming higher when they are used together. In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection and quantification of amphetamine (AMP), 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cocaine in serum sample. The analytes were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, derivated with heptafluorobutyric anhydride at 60°C for 30 min and analyzed by GC-MS. Correlation coefficient values were found satisfactory. Linearity ranged from 1 to 20 μg/mL for all three substances. After acceptable results were obtained from calibration solutions, the study was conducted to observe matrix-match calibration and linearity parameters. Extraction efficiency of the method was observed in two concentrations spiked to serum matrix (5 and 10 μg/mL) and found over 80% for three illicit drugs. Precision, accuracy, stability evaluation were appropriate as well. The validated analytical method was applied to an authentic sample which obtained from a patient administered to emergency room. The patient was suspected in regard to multi-drug use of stimulants and serum sample was analyzed by the presented method and AMP, MDMA and cocaine use was determined with concentrations of 0.45, 1.03 and 1.98 mg/mL in blood respectively. The developed method proved capable of quantifying simultaneous AMP, MDMA and cocaine use proposed in this study. Multidrug abuse is not a novel phenomenon but has to be determined as soon as possible by forensic toxicology laboratories because of potential severe health risks.

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Wastewater-based monitoring of illicit drug consumption in Istanbul: Preliminary results from two districts

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

Wastewater-based epidemiology pilot study to examine drug use in the Western United States

Wastewater-based epidemiology pilot study to examine drug use in the Western United States

Wastewater analysis for nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis in New York City

A GC-MS method for illegal stimulant drugs from serum: a multi-drug use sample in Turkey

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