Wastewater reclamation by the PAC-NF process

Review on strategies for biofouling mitigation in spiral wound membrane systems

“…In some cases, activated carbon or biofiltration is used to remove dissolved organic matter from the feed water. Activated carbon adsorption, either in granular or powder form, has also been considered as a feasible mean for reducing membrane fouling, either alone or in combination with other pre-treatment processes (Gur-Reznik et al, 2008;Meier and Melin, 2005;Zhao and Yu, 2015). Chinu et al, (2009) delayed fouling development in a lab scale setup by using biofiltration as pre-treatment using real seawater.…”

Comparing the effluent organic matter removal of direct NF and powdered activated carbon/NF as high quality pretreatment options for artificial groundwater recharge

“…A process combination of powdered activated carbon (PAC) and direct nanofiltration (NF) called PAC/NF process is currently tested as process for removal of bulk organics (Kazner et al 2007a) and micropollutants (Kazner et al 2007b) from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents for water reclamation and water reuse. Especially due to advantages concerning membrane fouling the PAC/NF process has a real potential for wastewater reclamation (Meier & Melin 2005). Without further pre-treatment it can produce high quality water, which is definitively required for high quality water recycling purposes such as aquifer recharge water or industrial process water.…”

Silicon Carbide-Coated Ceramic Membrane Bioreactor for Sustainable Water Purification

“…Presently, two different kinds of membranes are used in membrane bio reactor (MBR) systems: ceramic membranes and polymeric membranes [18]. Polymeric membranes are widely used in domestic wastewater purification, whereas ceramic membranes are mainly used for industrial wastewater treatment and are also used for domestic sludge treatment [19,20,21,22,23].…”