“…[42][43][44][45] Interestingly, when low survival rates were reported or when the survival was significantly lower than in the control group, ammonia was repeatedly suggested as the cause of the mortalities. 27,29,43,46,47 When ammonia removal was applied using simple activated bio-filters, fish survival and growth rates were similar to the controls. 39,48 The growth metrics of fish cultured in TWW, including specific growth rate, final body weight and weight gain, were reported to be either higher than the control treatments 27,29,30,40,49 or similar to the control treatments.…”