Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future

Angelakιs, Andreas N.; Snyder, Shane A.

doi:10.3390/w7094887

Cited by 155 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Although the use of wastewater is an ancient practice, it has not always been properly managed or met quality standards according to use. Accordingly, the knowledge pertaining to wastewater use has evolved with the history of mankind [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the International Office of Public Hygiene was established, with the purpose of performing sanitary controls along borders [12]. The development of underground sewage systems that emerged in the mid-19th century is believed to be another response to the unhygienic conditions resulting from the heavy industrialization and urbanization occurring at that time [4]. However, wastewater disposal schemes in agricultural fields continued to be widely adopted by major European cities and the United States until the early 20th century [8,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits

2017

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For centuries, wastewater has been improperly used in agriculture, presenting potential risks to public health and the environment. In the context of scientific development, and confronted by an increasing water crisis, wastewater reuse merits consideration because the practice helps decrease water use pressure and moderates water pollution. Thus, this article presents a literature review that addresses the effects, both positive and negative, of wastewater use in agriculture, emphasizing the effects on the soil environment. The literature review reveals that, until the 1990s, research studies promoted the use of wastewater for irrigation purposes from a treatment approach, while proposing "end of pipe" conventional solutions. However, more recent research studies (2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016) reveal that agricultural reuse significantly affects soil texture properties, while also causing possible alterations of the biomass and microbiota. In addition, research in this period has been oriented to the quantitative evaluation of microbiological risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits

2017

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“…We can also reach to this conclusion based on the presence of sewers which result into fields [40,41].…”

Section: Disposal and Reuse Of Wastewater In Minoan Greecementioning

confidence: 82%

Prehistoric and historic hydraulic technologies in stormwater and wastewater management in Greece: a brief review

Golfinopoulos

Kalavrouziotis

Aga

2016

Desalination and Water Treatment

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A B S T R A C TDevelopment of urban settlements during ancient years in Greece created the need for sewerage and drainage system infrastructures. For the first time, open sewerage systems mainly stone-built are found in the Minoan Civilization. Back in those times, extensive collection systems and use of storm-water has been recorded. At the same time, wastewater was used in order to fertilize agricultural land. Developed knowledge and technology on hydraulic and sewerage systems was also found in Cycladic and Mycenaean Civilization where significant irrigation systems were found. After a period of stability, throughout the Geometric period, gradual progress was observed, which peaked in Classical and Hellenistic period from 479 BC until 67 BC. During Roman Era, baths, toilets, and sewerage systems were established.

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“…Pollutant removal is accomplished by the interdependent action of several physical, chemical, and biological processes. Reduction in both nutrients and contaminants is an ideal solution to be coupled with conventional wastewater treatment processes that rely on chemical disinfection and other processes in order to comply with the stringent safety required for water reuse [22]. Accordingly, a significant, though variable, amount of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms can be removed, depending on the microorganisms' different behaviour and survival in every wetland [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Efficient Are Semi-Natural Ponds in Assimilating Wastewater Effluents? Application to Fuente de Piedra Ramsar, Mediterranean Salt Lake (South of Spain)

de-los-Ríos-Mérida

Reul

Muñoz

et al. 2017

Water

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This work concerns the case study of a Mediterranean Ramsar salt lake (Fuente de Piedra, southern Spain) that receives the treated wastewater of the local village treatment plant. The wastewater goes through a system of canals, water dams, and three semi-natural ponds that were built in 2005. This work aims to investigate the capacity of the system to assimilate the impact of wastewater effluents on Lake Fuente de Piedra. For this, four points were sampled on 27-29 April 2016, at the inlet and the outlet points of the first and the third semi-natural ponds, with three replicates each. Temperature, pH, and conductivity at the inlet were 19.62 • C, 7.99, and 3262.67 µS/cm, respectively, and increased through the pond system by 7.59%, 8.04%, and 37.34%, respectively. Phytoplankton concentration indicators decreased from the inlet point to the outlet point (chlorophyll a from >500 to <20mg/L), as did the biovolume (from >5 × 10 10 to 4.3 × 10 9 µm 3 /mL). Zooplankton biovolume, in contrast, increased three orders of magnitude from the inlet (3.5 × 10 7 µm 3 /mL) to the outlet point (1.6 × 10 9 µm 3 /mL). Heterotrophic bacteria (1.29 × 10 5 cfu/mL) and faecal enterococci (1033 ± 351 cfu/100 mL) were high at the inlet point, but decreased at the outlet point by almost three orders of magnitude. Total phosphorous and total nitrogen decreased 40.3% and 23.1% through the pond system. The results showed an improvement in water quality in its passage through the built system. Additionally, as permanent wetlands with acceptable water quality, the water system attracts wild fauna during the dry summer, leading to the conclusion that these semi-natural or artificial wetlands should be extrapolated to other aquatic ecosystems (Mediterranean wetlands) that receive contributions of residual waters. Better functioning of the treatment plant is desirable to improve the conservation of the Ramsar and adjacent wetlands systems.

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Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future

Cited by 155 publications

References 22 publications

Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits

Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits

Prehistoric and historic hydraulic technologies in stormwater and wastewater management in Greece: a brief review

How Efficient Are Semi-Natural Ponds in Assimilating Wastewater Effluents? Application to Fuente de Piedra Ramsar, Mediterranean Salt Lake (South of Spain)

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