Wastewater Treatment Methods and Sewage Treatment Facilities in Almaty, Kazakhstan

Ospanov, Kairat; Kuldeyev, Erzhan; Kenzhaliyev, B. К.; Korotunov, Anatoly

doi:10.12911/22998993/143939

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Conventional activated sludge treatment (CAST) is a typical wastewater treatment technology used in Central Asia, particularly installed to treat large wastewater volumes for entire large communities, as in large cities such as Almaty, Kazakhstan [20]. CAST is a biological treatment process that utilizes microorganisms to remove organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus from wastewater.…”

Section: Conventional Activated Sludge Treatment (Cast)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater Treatment in Central Asia: Treatment Alternatives for Safe Water Reuse

Kalmakhanova,

Diaz de Tuesta,

Malakar

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Due to water scarcity and ready availability, treated wastewater in Central Asia is increasingly reused and seen as a valuable resource, requiring effective management with particular care for human health, environmental protection, and water security. Due to limited technical and economic support and poorly developed regulatory systems, many cities have inadequate wastewater treatment infrastructure. Improved wastewater effluent management is paramount due to its relationship with surface and groundwater quality used for drinking and agricultural irrigation. This paper presents a brief review of the published literature reporting on current wastewater treatment technologies and effluent composition, with particular attention paid to reuse needs. The impact of these practices on water quality is further assessed from information and reports gathered from various sources on the quantity and quality of surface waters and groundwaters. Finally, alternatives to current wastewater treatment practices in Central Asia will be explored with a particular emphasis on the removal of contaminants of emerging concern, including biological treatment systems, adsorption, advanced oxidation processes, and managed/unmanaged aquifer recharge techniques based on permeable reactive barriers, aiming to increase the availability and quality of surface waters and groundwaters for safe water reuse.

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Section: Conventional Activated Sludge Treatment (Cast)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater Treatment in Central Asia: Treatment Alternatives for Safe Water Reuse

Kalmakhanova,

Diaz de Tuesta,

Malakar

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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“…Almaty groundwater used for domestic water supply may contain cadmium (ten times the MPC), manganese (seven to fourteen times the MPC), mercury (one to two times the MPC), phenols (six times the MPC), bromide (two to five times the MPC), oil products (three to five times the MPC), nitrates (up to four times the MPC). Shallower aquifers, with the water table close to the surface, are more frequently polluted, though contaminants may be found up to a depth of 100 m. Contamination of shallow groundwater has been reported at the Almaty wastewater treatment facilities [37].…”

Section: Almaty Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation of Hydrogeology and Contaminant Sources to Drinking Water Quality in Southern Kazakhstan

Tleuova,

Snow,

Mukhamedzhanov

et al. 2023

Water

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Southern Kazakhstan is one of the fastest-growing regions of this country and continued development depends on a sustainable supply of freshwater for multiple purposes. Groundwater in Southern Kazakhstan occurs in a wide variety of hydrogeological conditions with varying levels of quality and vulnerability to contamination. The aim of this paper is to investigate the present groundwater quality through sampling and laboratory analysis of source water from public supply wells, compare results to hydrogeology and known contaminant sources, and indicate where future protections may be needed. Protection from surface-borne contaminants is mainly determined by the thickness of the vadose zone, depth of the groundwater level, presence, thickness and composition of aquifers, and mobility of pollutants. Forty-five wells were sampled, yielding 106 samples of groundwater presently used for drinking water, which were evaluated to investigate the occurrence of potential pollutants and hydrogeology of the region. Of the samples collected, 46 samples were used for analysis of inorganic water chemistry, 30 for individual indicators including metals, and 31 samples for determination of petroleum products. A contaminant inventory database and geospatial database aided the interpretation of the results and allowed the prediction of future water issues. Kazakhstan’s maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) for metals were exceeded in areas associated with industrial enterprises, while fluoride and nitrate were more closely associated with mining and agricultural sources. Groundwater quality is dependent on hydrogeology and environmental contaminants resulting from historical land uses and must be regularly monitored for drinking water safety. Petroleum hydrocarbons were not detected in any of the drinking water sources.

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“…For example, Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) in Europe, the total maximum daily load (TMDL) in US Clean Water Act, and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in India, have set minimum acceptable standards for the disposal of industrial and municipal wastes [11][12][13][14][15][16] . To minimize the pollution many treatment plants are also developed where use of chemical, electrochemical, biological and physical processes converts the water into potable water 22, 23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review on Waste Water Treatment Technologies with Special Emphasize on Biological Treatments

Patel¹,

Kumar²,

Kumar³

2023

Int J Life Sci Pharm Res

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Rapid urbanization is essential for growth and economic viability at global level, promoting the extensive industrialization. Rapid industrialization also comes with more water demand with higher water pollution. Industrial wastewater may contain heavy metal, carcinogens, mutagens and radioactive materials which must be prevented to be incorporated into the food chain. Therefore, treatments of wastewater for removal of these toxicants are a necessary and unavoidable measure. There are various modes of treatments for removal of toxicants depending on the type of contaminants. It includes physical, chemical and biological treatment alone or in combination. Here a review is carried to identify major sources of industrial wastewaters with their major pollutants. Various studies are also considered in the review for determination of the hazardous effect of wastewater on ecosystems and biological systems. Details about treatments of wastewater based on the sources were also included. More emphasis has been given on the role of microorganisms for removal of pollutants. Not limited to this, details of methods for biological removal contaminations and treatability studies are also discussed in detail. Based on the review it is found that generation of wastewater from industries must be pretreated with suitable methods before discharging into the environment to protect life on mother earth.

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Wastewater Treatment Methods and Sewage Treatment Facilities in Almaty, Kazakhstan

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Wastewater Treatment in Central Asia: Treatment Alternatives for Safe Water Reuse

Wastewater Treatment in Central Asia: Treatment Alternatives for Safe Water Reuse

Relation of Hydrogeology and Contaminant Sources to Drinking Water Quality in Southern Kazakhstan

Comprehensive Review on Waste Water Treatment Technologies with Special Emphasize on Biological Treatments

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