Safeguards of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), funded by the regional technical assistance (TA 9647) on Strengthening Safeguards Management in Southeast Asia. Xin Ren authored Chapters 1, 3, 4, and 6 and performed quality control for the entire report. Chirong Huang, senior consultant and sanitation engineer of more than 30 years of experience, drafted the rest of the report and contributed to Chapter 4.Xin Ren has worked closely in rural projects of Southeast Asian countries, focusing on environmental management. Before joining ADB, she worked in the World Bank in diverse projects ranging from urban, energy, and transport to rural sectors. Apart from her 15 years in multilateral development banks, she also worked in United Nations agencies on climate change and waste management for years, and in the People's Republic of China on pollution control, hazardous waste management, and cleaner production. This study draws upon the two authors' substantial experience in different facets of pollution control and their insights on broader environmental management in developing countries.The study report benefited from the valuable comments and suggestions by peer reviewers, James G. Baker, senior circular economy specialist, ADB; and Jitendra K. Singh, water supply and sanitation specialist, ADB. The authors also want to thank Antoine Morel, coordinator of environmental work in Southeast Asia Department of ADB and TA 9647, for his support all through, and Ricardo Carlos Barba, officer in charge of Regional Office 2 in the Office of Safeguards of ADB, for his guidance in review and publication. The authors remain responsible for all the residual shortcomings.